Fast intrusion detection based on a non-negative matrix factorization model

In this paper, we present an efficient fast anomaly intrusion detection model incorporating a large amount of data from various data sources. A novel method based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is presented to profile program and user behaviors of a computer system. A large amount of high-dimensional data is collected in our experiments and divided into smaller data blocks by a specific scheme. The system call data is divided into blocks by processes, while command data is divided into consecutive blocks with a fixed length. The frequencies of individual elements in each block of data are computed and placed column by column as data vectors to construct a matrix representation. NMF is employed to reduce the high-dimensional data vectors and anomaly detection can be realized as a very simple classifier in low dimensions. Experimental results show that the model presented in this paper is promising in terms of detection accuracy, computation efficiency and implementation for fast intrusion detection.     

Efficiency of acetic acid and formic acid as a catalyst in catalytical and mechanocatalytical pretreatment of barley straw

In this study, the potential of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid) in a catalytical and mechanocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic barley straw to valuable sugars is explored using sulfuric acid as a reference. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis has been carried out with acid-impregnated samples as well as unmodified barley straw. In the mechanocatalytical approach, pretreatment consists of impregnation with the acid catalyst and mechanical treatment by ball milling following chemical hydrolysis. Straw samples and residues were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) whereas hydrolysate analysis was based on total reducing sugar (TRS) determination following the DNS method and capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. The results indicated that acetic acid and formic acid are rather mild acids yielding low TRS levels compared to the reference acid. Mechanocatalytical pretreatment slightly increased TRS yields, but not significantly. Strikingly, sulfuric acid showed an efficient conversion efficiency yielding almost 45% of TRS. Furthermore, this study provided evidence for the acetylation of straw components when acetic acid was used as catalyst. Alkali hydrolysis induced the de-esterification, but revealed no significant increase of TRS yields.     

浓酱兼香型白酒发酵酒醅微生物群落及理化指标对正丙醇产出的影响

该研究从24份浓酱兼香型白酒二轮次出池酒醅筛选出正丙醇含量高、中、低酒醅样品,对其理化指标进行分析,采用高通量测序技术分析其微生物群落结构,基于冗余分析（RDA）探讨正丙醇产量与理化因子、微生物群落相关性。结果表明,3份酒醅样品水分、总酸、还原糖以及氨基酸态氮含量差异显著（P＜0.05）;共检出16个微生物属（3个细菌属,13个真菌属）,其中,共有优势细菌属为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）（相对丰度＞1%）,共有优势真菌属为曲霉属（Aspergillus）、伊萨酵母属（Issatchenkia）（相对丰度＞1%）。RDA结果表明,酒醅的水分、氨基酸态氮、总酸、乳杆菌属、曲霉属、伊萨酵母属、嗜热子囊菌属（Thermoascus）、毕赤酵母属（Pichia）与正丙醇产出呈负相关,还原糖、毛孢子菌属（Trichosporon）、枝芽孢杆菌属（Virgibacillus）、克罗彭斯特菌属（Kroppenstedtia）与正丙醇产出呈正相关。     

Indoor daylight climate–influence of light shelf and model reflectance on light shelf performance in Madrid for hours with unit sunshine fraction

The present paper deals with the influence of light shelf and model reflectance on light shelf performance. The variation with the day of the year of the mean hourly illuminance values measured at $\text{0.50}\text{m}$. from a south facing side window in 1 : 10 models has been studied for hours with unit sunshine fraction σ. The four light shelves used as both shading devices and potential daylighting systems, were made of the following materials: row aluminium painted with three layers of white matte (LS1), white opaque methacrylate (LS2), mirror (LS3) and row aluminium (LS4). Measurements were performed during three years, each year with one of the three following types of models. Models type A: walls and floor painted black matte and ceiling white matte, Models type B: painted for realistic reflectance values, and Models type C: painted white matte. It was observed with type A models that the dependence of illuminance with the day of the year was similar for LS1–LS2 on one hand, and LS3–LS4 on the other hand, with LS2 and LS3 performing better as daylighting systems than LS1 and LS4, respectively. Thus, most of the study has focused on the performance of LS2 and LS3. For type A models relative light shelf efficiency η, defined as the ratio between illuminance inside the model equipped with the light shelf and a reference model without light shelf, was always higher than 1 for LS2 and LS3. However for type B models, η for these light shelves was close to 1 or even smaller, and for type C models η was clearly lower than 1. In general the methacrylate light shelf performed better than the mirror light shelf for the central months of the year, while the mirror light shelf performed better for about the first three months and last three months of the year. The methacrylate light shelf gave the smallest range of interior illuminance values throughout the year. Although for type B models and LS2–LS3, values of η clearly higher than 1 were not obtained at the measurement point, use of a light shelf, specially in the long over heated season is recommended for Madrid, because of the shading effect not available for the reference model.     

Fluorescence enhancement from Eu3+ ions in CdSe nanocrystal containing silica matrix hosts

Semiconductor cadmium selenide particles together with europium ions were incorporated into the silica matrix using sol–gel method. Here, the effect of nanocrystals on the absorption and fluorescence features of europium ions is discussed. The fluorescence spectra reveal that the intensity of characteristic emission of europium increases considerably in the presence of CdSe particles. This phenomenon can be explained as due to the energy transfer resulting from electron–hole recombination in the CdSe to the rare earth ion. These zero-dimensional materials, along with the effect of matrix incorporating europium ions, are found to have increased the optical gain.     

Effects of annealing temperature on structure and electrical properties of sol–gel derived 0.65PMN-0.35PT thin film

0.65Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.35PbTiO₃ (0.65PMN-0.35PT) thin films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates annealed from 550 to 700 °C using sol-gel process. The effects of annealing temperature on microstructure, insulating, ferroelectric and dielectric properties were characterized. The result reveals that 0.65PMN-0.35PT thin films possess a polycrystalline structure, matching well with the perovskite phase despite the existence of a slight pyrochlore phase. The film samples annealed at all temperatures exhibit relatively dense surfaces without any large voids and the grain size increases generally with the increase of the annealing temperature. Meanwhile, pyrochlore phase is considerably generated because of the deformation of perovskite phase caused by volatilization of Pb at an excessive high-temperature. The film annealed at 650 °C exhibits superior ferroelectricity with a remanent polarization (P_r) value of 13.31 μC/cm², dielectric constant (ε_r) of 1692 and relatively low dielectric loss (tanδ) of 0.122 at 10⁴ Hz due to the relatively homogeneous large grain size of 130 nm and low leakage current of approximately 10^-6 A/cm².     

美拉德反应制备等电点澄清透明的乳清分离蛋白研究

本文旨在以乳清分离蛋白(WPI)为原料,研究其与糖类物质的美拉德反应制备得到产物在等电点附近的溶解性、乳化性(EAI)、乳化稳定性(ESI)和热稳定性等功能特性,为其在透明饮料中的应用奠定基础。在相对湿度79%,温度70℃的反应条件下制备得到乳清分离蛋白与L-乳糖的美拉德反应产物,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)实验结果证实了美拉德反应使WPI中α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白分子量分别增加2~3 ku左右;邻苯二甲醛(OPA)结果表明在美拉德反应时间为12 h时,WPI中游离氨基酸含量减少35%左右;美拉德反应改性使其溶解性、乳化性(EAI)、乳化稳定性(ESI)和热稳定性都有显著提高(在10 min时EAI和ESI分别为0.35 m~2/g和20 min,为WPI的1.5倍和1.7倍);电位和粒径结果显示,乳清分离蛋白糖基化产物的溶解性和热稳定性增强是因为蛋白质表面引入糖分子的位阻效应所致,而非静电作用。     

菱角壳黄酮提取工艺优化及抑肿瘤细胞增殖活性作用

本实验旨在优化菱角壳黄酮提取工艺,并考察其对人宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖的抑制作用。采用单因素实验考察了提取时间、料液比、乙醇浓度以及提取温度对菱角壳总黄酮得率的影响,并以菱角壳总黄酮得率为响应值进行响应面分析,得出菱角壳黄酮提取的最佳提取工艺。同时,采用CCK-8法测定菱角壳黄酮对人宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖的影响,并测定其IC₅₀值,考察菱角壳黄酮的抗肿瘤活性。结果表明,菱角壳黄酮最佳提取工艺为:提取时间28 min、料液比1:33 g/mL、乙醇浓度53%。在该条件下菱角壳粗提物总黄酮的提取率可达3.455%±0.16%。5、100、200、400、800 μg/mL浓度的菱角壳黄酮粗提物、纯化物溶液孵育均对Hela细胞增殖均具有较好的抑制作用,且存在时间和剂量依赖性。以作用时间48 h为例,菱角壳黄酮粗提物、菱角壳黄酮纯化物、5-Fu的IC₅₀值分别为271.46、268.16、152.09 μg/mL。因此,同等时间下,菱角壳黄酮提取物的对于Hela细胞的增殖抑制作用弱于阳性对照5-Fu。     

Phosphides with zinc blende structure as anodes for lithium-ion batteries

The phosphides InP and GaP with a zinc blende structure are examined as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. During discharge, X-ray diffraction phase analysis reveals the formation of Li–In/Li–Ga alloy and amorphous Li₃P. On charge, lithium is extracted from both Li_xM (M = In, Ga) alloy and Li₃P. InP shows a reversible capacity of ∼475 mAh g⁻¹ in the voltage range between 0.2 and 1.5 V, whereas GaP exhibits poor capacity retention compared with that of InP.     

Biotechnological applications of wood-rotting fungi: A review

Among the main categories of wood-rotting fungi, white rot and brown rot fungi and their enzymes are being increasingly used in a variety of biotechnological applications, some of which include wood and pulping, textile, bioenergy/biofuel and bioremediation (decolourization of synthetic dyes, wastewater treatment, detoxification/removal of toxic substances, including wood preservatives). The paper reviews various biotechnological applications of wood-rotting fungi and their key enzymes, laccase and peroxidases, and outlines future prospects where technological developments can lead to their more efficient and economic industrial uses and can create opportunities to expand applications. The information is presented under defined, interactive categories. Thoughts are presented on potential future technology development that can ensure economic production of specific enzymes and their targeted industrial applications.