Dynamic analysis of growth of Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid egg whites

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a common foodborne pathogen associated with eggs and egg products. This research was conducted to study the kinetics of growth and survival of SE in liquid egg whites (LEW). A dynamic temperature profile that exposed SE to suboptimal temperatures and below the minimum growth temperature (T_min) was used with two isothermal conditions to develop kinetic models. One-step dynamic analysis was used to directly construct a tertiary model for describing the growth and survival of SE and determine the kinetic parameters.The results of kinetic analysis showed that the T_min was 7.7 °C and SE may die off at a rate of 2.78 × 10⁻³ log CFU/ml per h per °C below the T_min. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the model was 0.5 log CFU/ml, with 76.6% of the residual errors within ±0.5 log CFU/ml of the experimental observations. The model was validated under both dynamic temperature and isothermal conditions. Both growth and survival of SE was accurately predicted, with the RMSE of validation at < 0.5 log CFU/ml. For all the validation tests, nearly 75% of the residual errors were within ±0.5 log CFU/ml of the experimental observations.This study clearly demonstrated that the one-step dynamic analysis method is an accurate and efficient method for direct construction of predictive models and estimation of the associated kinetic parameters that govern the growth and survival of microorganisms in food. Since the mathematical model has been validated, it can be used to predict the growth and survival of SE in LEW during storage and distribution and for conducting risk assessment of this microorganism.     

Changes in the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of citrus peels from different cultivars after in vitro digestion

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of in vitro digestion on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of citrus peels. Three different varieties of citrus peels (mandarin, ponkan and red tangerine) were treated with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The results showed that the SGF or SIF treatments of the citrus peels did not significantly increase the total phenolic content (TPC) or total flavonoid content (TFC), except for that of the TFC of ponkan peel treated with SGF. However, simulated in vitro digestion did improve the antioxidant activities measured with FRAP and ABTS methods. The effect of SGF was more positive than those of SIF for the FRAP assay, but the opposite was true for ABTS. Notably, both simulated digestion techniques decreased the DPPH free radical scavenging abilities. Simulated digestion in vitro changed the antioxidant activities of the citrus peels.     

邻苯二酚诱导的蓝莓花色苷偶合氧化降解

为了明确蓝莓花色苷在贮藏及加工过程中的降解途径,本文系统地研究了花色苷-多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO）-邻苯二酚的偶合氧化反应机制,探讨了三者之间的量效反应关系。结果表明,邻苯二酚的酶促氧化生成醌类物质和花色苷与醌类物质的氧化反应是偶合氧化体系中主要的两类反应;花色苷的偶合氧化降解符合一级反应动力学模型;当体系中花色苷浓度为54 mg/L时,虽然花色苷的降解速率会随着邻苯二酚浓度的增加而增加,但当邻苯二酚浓度高于1.33 mmol/L时,邻苯二酚浓度的变化对花色苷降解速率影响逐渐变小;花色苷初始浓度越高,邻苯二酚氧化的速率越低,花色苷的降解速率也越低;而酶浓度的增加会导致花色苷的降解速率线性增加。本文结果可推断,在蓝莓贮藏及加工过程中,其组织中的PPO会与其酚类底物结合,产生相应的醌类物质,而这些物质再通过耦合氧化反应导致蓝莓花色苷降解,从而最终导致果实或者相关产品的褐变。且其褐变速率与组织中酶的活性、酚类底物以及花色苷含量都有密切的关系。     

The effects of the combination of Pichia membranefaciens and BTH on controlling of blue mould decay caused by Penicillium expansum in peach fruit

The feasibility of 0.2 g l⁻¹ benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) to improve the efficacy of Pichia membranefaciens in controlling postharvest blue mould decay in peach fruit was investigated. Our results showed that biocontrol activity of P. membranefaciens against blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum in peach fruit could be enhanced by addition of 0.2 g l⁻¹ BTH. The combination of P. membranefaciens and BTH resulted in a more effective control of blue mould than individual treatment of P. membranefaciens or BTH alone. The combined treatment had a synergistic effect on the induction of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities, which induced stronger disease resistance in fruit than BTH or yeast alone, and resulted in a lower lesion diameter and disease incidence of blue mould decay in peaches. Furthermore, the combined treatment did not impair the quality parameters including fruit firmness and contents of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and vitamin C of peach fruit after 6 days of storage at 20 °C. These results suggested that the use of BTH may be an effective method to improve the biological activity of P. membranefaciens.     

北极海洋红球菌（Rhodococcus sp.）B7740产类胡萝卜素的提取条件优化及甲基萘醌类类胡萝卜素鉴定

利用酶的高效性和专一性破裂细菌细胞壁,实现对类胡萝卜素的温和提取并鉴定。以加酶量、酶解时间和料液比作为单因素进行正交试验,得出最优提取条件为：菌粉与溶菌酶配比1∶10（mg/mL）、酶解时间80 min、料液比1∶80（mg/mL）,此条件下类胡萝卜素提取量为675 μg/g。采用液相色谱-质谱串联进行类胡萝卜素的结构鉴定,液相色谱-质谱条件为：色谱柱YMCC30（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）、检测波长450 nm、大气压力化学电离源、正离子模式、离子源温度230 ℃、充电电压2 000 V、质荷比扫描范围200～1 200,鉴定出分子式分别为C51H76O2和C51H74O2的2 种甲基萘醌类胡萝卜素。     

高效液相色谱法测定红醋中苯甲酸含量的不确定度评定

建立了液相色谱法测定红醋中苯甲酸含量的测量不确定度评定的数学模型,从测量程序各步骤评定了不确定度的各项来源,对该方法所得结果的已识别来源的不确定度影响进行评价。可为实验室在该检测过程中进一步提高检测数据的可靠性和一致性作参考。     

蓝莓多酚氧化酶的部分纯化及其酶学特性研究

目的：明确蓝莓多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性。方法：分别采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法和疏水层析法分离纯化蓝莓PPO,比较两者的纯化效果,并对蓝莓PPO的酶促反应动力学、最适反应温度和pH以及稳定性进行研究。结果：硫酸铵分级沉淀法与疏水层析法的纯化倍数相近,但两者的得率分别为61%和84%。以绿原酸和邻苯二酚为底物时,蓝莓PPO的米氏常数(K_m)分别为23.38mM和6.13mM。该酶的最适pH值为6.0,最适反应温度为25℃。该酶在40℃以上不稳定,而在70℃时,其酶活在60s后残余酶活仅为7.23%。随着pH值的不断降低,其稳定性会不断下降。结论：疏水层析法对蓝莓PPO的分离纯化效果更好。蓝莓PPO对邻苯二酚的亲和力更高,该酶对温度和pH都较为敏感。     

响应面法优化超声波提取山荆子抗氧化物质工艺

采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法研究超声波提取山荆子抗氧化物质的工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,研究乙醇体积分数、超声功率、提取时间对提取液抗氧化性的影响。建立该工艺的二次多项式模型。依据回归分析确定最优提取条件。结果表明:回归模型具有高度显著性。最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数57%,提取时间42min,超声功率为493W。此时提取液抗氧化性最强,亚铁还原能力(FRAP)值达最大值12 375.8。     

氯霉素分子印迹聚合物微球的制备及色谱性能评价

以氯霉素(CAP)为模板分子、甲基丙烯酸N,N- 二乙基氨基乙酯(DEAEM)为功能单体、二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EGDMA)为交联剂、聚苯乙烯微球作为种球,采用两步溶胀聚合的方法制备得到了粒径均一的分子印迹聚合物微球(MIPMs)。结果表明：扫描电镜观察显示其表面为多孔结构;通过孔容和孔径研究表明,与非印迹聚合物微球(NIPMs)相比,MIPMs 具有更大的孔径和孔体积;进一步通过液相色谱对其选择性能进行评价,可知氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素在MeCN/Water/H3PO4(30:70:0.1,V/V)流动相条件下,3 种物质达到了较好的分离效果,获得的MIPMs 对3 种物质具有较好的选择性能。