Real-time TaqMan PCR for quantitative detection of cows’ milk in ewes’ milk mixtures

A real-time PCR based on the amplification of a fragment of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of cows’ milk in raw and heat-treated cow/sheep milk mixtures. The method combines the use of cow-specific primers that amplify a 252 bp fragment from cow DNA, and mammalian-specific primers amplifying a 428 bp fragment from mammalian species DNA, which is used as an endogenous control. The method measures PCR product accumulation through a 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled fluorogenic probe (TaqMan). A comparison of the cycle number at which mammalian and cow-specific PCR products were first detected, in combination with the use of reference standards of known bovine content, allowed the determination of the percentage of cows’ milk in mixtures. Experimental raw and heat-treated binary mixtures were analyzed, demonstrating the specificity and sensitivity of the assay for detection and quantification of cows’ milk in the range 0.5–10%.     

复配天然果汁清除亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺效果的研究

利用直接榨汁法提取含有天然活性成分的葡萄、黄柠檬、青柠檬、石榴、菠萝、木瓜等天然产物的果蔬汁液,用所得到的提取液在不同质量分数下进行清除亚硝酸盐的体外试验,筛选出清除效果最好的黄柠檬、菠萝、木瓜3种水果并以不同比例进行复配,根据清除率确定最佳复配比;将上述试验筛选出的黄柠檬、菠萝、木瓜3种水果进行阻断亚硝胺合成的体外试验,并以不同比例进行复配,根据阻断率确定最佳复配比。结果显示:1.0%黄柠檬提取液质量分数、1.0%菠萝提取液质量分数、0.8%木瓜提取液质量分数混合时对亚硝酸盐清除效果最好,清除率为79.5%,有理想的清除效果;12%黄柠檬提取液质量分数、8%菠萝提取液质量分数、10%木瓜提取液质量分数混合时对亚硝胺阻断效果最好,阻断率为51.1%,对亚硝胺有较为理想的阻断效果。     

体外模拟亚硝化体系中优选阻断NDMA生成的香辛料精油复合抑制剂

为了有效抑制N-二甲基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA)的形成,在体外模拟亚硝化反应体系中,先通过单因素实验研究市售常见的9种香辛料精油对NDMA的抑制作用,再利用二次回归正交组合试验设计,筛选最佳精油复合抑制剂配比。结果表明,9种香辛料精油对NDMA的形成均有抑制作用,二次回归正交组合设计得到的最优复合配比是胡椒2.078 mL/L、姜汁3.118 mL/L、花椒3.692 mL/L、八角2.833 mL/L和丁香0.218 mL/L,该条件下NDMA的抑制率为64.412%±0.25%。     

The role of 2-hydroxypropanal in the biosynthesis of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2H-furan-3-one in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa,cv. Elsanta) callus cultures

2-Hydroxypropanal was synthesized utilising a new approach via the Curtius rearrangement, which has the great advantage that the only co-product is ammonium chloride. 2-Hydroxypropanal was, without isolation, fed in situ to strawberry callus cultures in order to study the biosynthesis of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2H-furan-3-one. The high levels of the furanone obtained suggest that 2-hydroxy-propanal is a key precursor of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2H-furan-3-one in strawberry.     

Commercial bentonites as detoxifier of broiler feed contaminated with aflatoxin

Some bentonites have been probed to be efficient as sequestering agents for aflatoxins; they decreased the bioavailability of the toxin in the gastrointestinal tracts of birds when they are incorporated in the diets. The binding capacity of these adsorbents varied with the rheological source and even among batches of a given source. Three bentonites from different sources in Argentina, which have very different aflatoxins (AFs) adsorption capacity, were studied. The characterization comprises chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray power diffraction (XRD), Hg intrusion porosimetry, swelling capacity, etc. The main factors affecting the adsorption of AFs seem to be related to the isomorphic substitution of the montmorillonite and to electrostatic interactions generated by the surface charge of the samples. Neither the mean pore size nor the percentage of quartz has any effect upon the AFs adsorption.     

滚揉方式对中式传统酱牛肉品质的影响

在保证酱牛肉品质的前提下,为实现利用腌制适当提高其出品率的目的,通过分析间歇式滚揉（intermittent tumbling,IT）和呼吸式滚揉（breathing tumbling,BT）腌制原料肉后加工所得酱牛肉品质,并与传统静置腌制酱牛肉进行对比,探讨滚揉方式对酱牛肉水分含量、出品率、水分迁移规律、色差、质构特性及感官品质的影响。结果表明：滚揉腌制提高了酱牛肉的出品率,IT组与BT组的出品率相较对照组分别提高18.83%、28.84%;IT与BT组的横向弛豫时间T22分别为42.86、32.49 ms,显著低于对照组（43.80 ms）（P＜0.05）;IT与BT组的亮度值相对于对照组分别增加9.01%、18.82%,红度值分别增加12.44%、16.59%,剪切力分别降低15.21%、21.93%,硬度分别降低14.27%和19.53%,滚揉腌制对于酱牛肉弹性与咀嚼性影响不显著;相比对照组,IT组和BT组酱牛肉感官评分总分差异不显著。     

Effects of process and source on elastic modulus of single cellulose fibrils evaluated by atomic force microscopy

A test method to measure cellulose fibril elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the effects of process and source on the moduli of single cellulose fibrils. The cellulose fibrils were generated from cellulose by mechanical treatments. Individual fibrils were suspended over a micro scale groove etched on a silicon wafer. A nano-scale three-point bending test was performed to obtain the elastic moduli. The results indicated that the elastic moduli of cellulose fibrils were not significantly different between 30 min and 60 min of high intensity ultrasonic treatment for Lyocell fiber, between isolation methods of ultrasonic and homogenizer treatment for pure cellulose fiber, and between different cellulose sources of pulp fibers treated by homogenizer regardless the effects of sample size coupled with inherent variation in the raw material. The elastic modulus of Lyocell fibrils with diameters from 150 to 180 nm was evaluated to be 98 ± 6 GPa. Modulus values decreased dramatically when the diameter was more than 180 nm.     

苦瓜皂苷提取物微胶囊化缓释性能及体外对糖苷酶活性影响研究

以壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为壁材,采用锐孔凝固浴法制备苦瓜皂苷提取物微胶囊,并对其进行了缓释性能及在模拟胃肠酸碱环境中对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性影响的研究。结果显示,微胶囊在体外模拟胃肠液中具有良好的缓释性能,在模拟胃液中苦瓜皂苷1h释放率为31.19%,2h累积释放率为52.14%,转至肠液中10h累积释放率达到81.20%;在模拟胃肠液中微胶囊对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶均有一定的抑制作用,抑制率随着苦瓜皂苷释放量的增加有上升趋势。表明苦瓜皂苷经微胶囊化后能够保护其活性,缓解副作用和延长对糖苷酶的作用时间。     

复合香辛料亚硝化抑制剂对西式培根品质的影响

研究对N-亚硝胺具有阻断作用的复合香辛料亚硝化抑制剂（composite spice nitrosation inhibitor,CSNI） 在西式培根中的应用效果。设计4 组实验：1）阴性对照（negative control,NC）组：以原料肉质量计,配 制由0.06%亚硝酸钠、9%食盐、1.5%复合磷酸盐、5%白糖等组成的腌制液,注射量为20%;2）阳性对照 （positive control,PC）组：在NC组基础上添加0.055%异抗坏血酸钠;3）CSNI组：在NC组中添加CSNI; 4）PC＋CSNI组：在PC组中添加CSNI。制成西式培根,分别对西式培根成品和烧烤（200 ℃,5 min）西式培根进 行感官评定、pH值、红度值（a*）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值、亚 硝酸盐残留量、生物胺含量及N-亚硝胺含量测定。结果表明：相比NC、PC组,PC＋CSNI组西式培根成品的感官 评分最高,TBARs值（0.24 mg/kg）、亚硝酸盐残留量（20.48 mg/kg）和生物胺总量（184.68 mg/kg）均处于较低 水平,CSNI对N-亚硝胺的形成（总量为9.29 μg/kg）,特别是N-二甲基亚硝胺的形成有显著的阻断效果,且CSNI的 添加对产品的pH值和a*均未造成显著影响;西式培根烧烤后,由于水分和脂肪溶出,致使烧烤西式培根的亚硝酸 盐残留量、生物胺含量和N-亚硝胺含量总体呈升高趋势,但均未超过相关规定的限量值。