Association of solid fuel use with risk of stunting in children living in China

Stunting adversely affects physical and mental outcomes of children. It has not been examined whether household air pollution from solid fuel combustion is a risk factor for stunting in children. In a total of 41,439 children aged 6-17 across China, height was measured using a unified protocol. Multivariable linear regression models and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of solid fuel use for cooking/heating with stunting in children. Adjusted for covariates, cooking/heating with solid fuel was significantly associated with a lower z-score for height for age and sex (β = −0.21 [−0.32 to −0.09] and −0.17 [−0.31 to −0.03], respectively) and an increased risk of stunting with an estimated ORs of 1.34 [1.07~1.68] and 1.37 [1.02~1.83], respectively. The risk of stunting associated with solid fuel use was statistically significant in high-age children. And the effect was greater on girls than on boys, though the difference was not statistically significant. Our study suggested that Chinese children living in households using solid fuel had a significantly higher risk of stunting than those living in households using cleaner fuel.     

《食品营养强化剂使用标准》实施跟踪评价

目的调查食品企业对GB 14880—2012《食品营养强化剂使用标准》的满意度及标准实施对企业的影响。方法 2014年通过问卷调查的方式在全国25个省针对强化食品生产企业相关人员开展调查,共回收有效问卷686份,采用描述性分析、卡方检验等进行统计学分析。结果 686位受访者对标准知晓率为87.61%(601/686),以5分为满分,对标准可操作性平均得分为4.325分;合理性平均得分为4.293分;92.15%(552/599)食品企业为新标准实施采取了相应措施,新标准实施对食品企业起到了正向的推动作用,同时增加了检验成本。结论食品企业对GB 14880—2012《食品营养强化剂使用标准》的知晓率及满意度较高,标准实施推动了食品企业的正向发展,同时带来了一定执行成本。     

国外学生营养餐的发展对我国的启示

学生营养状况体现了国家的综合实力水平。国外学生营养餐开始较早,已经形成了基本成熟规范的运作模式,而我国尚处于学生营养餐发展的初始阶段。本文对国外学生营养餐的发展历史进行了回顾和介绍,通过对多个国家经典案例的分析,归纳和总结了国外在实施推广学生营养餐过程中的经验教训,旨在为我国开展学生营养餐计划提供参考和借鉴。     

钇对子代大鼠神经行为和认知能力的影响

目的研究硝酸钇对子代大鼠神经行为和认知能力的影响。方法将孕鼠随机分为对照和受试物低、中、高4个试验组,20只/组。从孕期第6天(GD 6)至分娩后第21天(PND 21),受试物组每天分别灌胃给予硝酸钇溶液5、15、45 mg/kg BW,对照组灌胃给予蒸馏水。断乳后,继续给予子鼠原剂量受试物直至PND 63天。观察不同剂量硝酸钇对子鼠生长发育、脏器组织和神经行为的影响。结果在PND 21天时,雄鼠低、中、高3个剂量组体重均高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。但从PND 42天开始至试验结束,雄性高剂量组体重明显低于对照组,导致高剂量组雄鼠总增重和总进食量均低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但食物利用率无变化。PND 42天时雌鼠低剂量组体重和雄鼠高剂量组脑体比均高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但不认为有生物学意义。Morris水迷宫试验中仅高剂量组雌鼠第5天的潜伏期高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他神经行为试验结果均未见差异。结论在本试验条件下,断乳后持续给予硝酸钇受试物会导致高剂量组雄性子鼠的体重下降,但不会影响脑组织重量,也不会在成年早期对子鼠的痛觉、运动活力和认知能力等神经行为造成影响。     

2001—2017年我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属累积特征及膳食暴露风险

目的 探讨我国部分地区蔬菜中砷和重金属的累积特征,并分析潜在膳食暴露风险。方法 搜索论文数据库,收集2001—2017年发表文献中蔬菜铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)及汞(Hg)含量的数据,分析我国根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中As和重金属的污染特性,并采用美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型评估蔬菜中砷和重金属的膳食暴露风险。结果 3类蔬菜中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg均呈非正态分布,变异系数均<10%。根茎类、叶菜类及茄果类蔬菜中Cd、As、Hg的含量均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),叶菜类和茄果类蔬菜中Pb-Cr含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但3类蔬菜中Cu含量均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。根茎类蔬菜中Pb、As和Hg的含量较高,叶菜类蔬菜中Cd含量较高。根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中Pb-Cd及根茎类蔬菜中Pb-Cr相关性均较强(P<0.01)。3类蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr和As污染指数均在安全范围内,而根茎类和叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb和Hg均存在不同程度的污染,但基本属于轻度污染。根茎类和茄果类数值中As和重金属对成人和儿童的风险值均<1.0,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb对成人和儿童的风险值的第95百分位数分别是1.780和2.020,表明叶菜类蔬菜中的Pb存在潜在的人体非致癌风险。结论 中国蔬菜中Cu、Cd、Cr、As和Hg整体污染较轻,但叶菜类蔬菜中Pb污染应引起重视。     

Isolation and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Chinese food obtained from the central area of China

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Chinese food, including frozen dumplings, flavored raw meat, roasted meat, braised meat, and a cold vegetable dish with sauce. A total of 900 food samples were collected from supermarkets, open-air markets, and delicatessens in three large cities in the central area of China to examine the presence of L. monocytogenes; 21 (2.3%) of the samples were positive for this pathogen. Among the different samples, braised meat showed the highest L. monocytogenes detection rate (4.4%). Samples obtained from delicatessens showed a much higher L. monocytogenes contamination rate (8.3%) than those from open-air markets (6.7%) or supermarkets (0%). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis indicated that the 21 bacterial isolates belonged to 12 ST subgroups. ST5 was the largest and contained 7 isolates (33.3%); it was followed by ST474, ST121 and ST9 (each containing 2 isolates [10.5%]). Antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed that the 21 L. monocytogenes isolates were thoroughly resistant to cefoxitin but highly susceptible to doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. The presence of 10 virulence genes was evaluated by PCR, which showed that inlA, inlC, inlJ, prfA, hlyA, and plcB were present in all isolates and that inlB, actA, plcA and iap were present in 71.4–90.5% of the isolates. This study provides a useful reference for risk assessment and control of L. monocytogenes contamination in Chinese food and for the treatment of clinical listeriosis.     

Stable auto-tuning of hybrid adaptive fuzzy/neural controllers for nonlinear systems

In direct adaptive control, the adaptation mechanism attempts to adjust a parameterized nonlinear controller to approximate an ideal controller. In the indirect case, however, we approximate parts of the plant dynamics that are used by a feedback controller to cancel the system nonlinearities. In both cases, “approximators” such as linear mappings, polynomials, fuzzy systems, or neural networks can be used as either the parameterized nonlinear controller or identifier model. In this paper, we present an algorithm to tune the adaptation gain for a gradient-based hybrid update law used for a class of nonlinear continuous-time systems in both direct and indirect cases. In our proposed algorithm, the adaptation gain is obtained by minimizing the instantaneous control energy. Finally, we will demonstrate the performance of the algorithm via a wing rock regulation example.     

不同种类的膳食蛋白对血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度的影响

目的探讨不同种类膳食蛋白对血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平的影响。方法 48只健康Wistar大鼠随机分为6组:酪蛋白组、乳清蛋白组、卵白蛋白组、大豆分离蛋白组、小麦蛋白组、玉米蛋白组。分别给予含有不同膳食蛋白的饲料喂养10 d后处死动物,采集血液样品,测定血浆中同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及半胱氨酰甘氨酸(Cys-Gly)等指标的浓度。结果小麦蛋白组的体质量增长低于蛋白含量相同的酪蛋白组、乳清蛋白组、卵白蛋白组及大豆分离蛋白组,玉米蛋白组的体质量呈现负增长,且与其他各组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。小麦蛋白组和玉米蛋白组血浆Hcy浓度低于其他蛋白组,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与酪蛋白组比较,乳清蛋白组的血浆Hcy浓度也有所降低。结论膳食蛋白的种类能够影响大鼠血浆中的Hcy水平,可能与蛋白中氨基酸组成有关。高Cys含量的膳食蛋白能提高促进Hcy代谢的酶活性,增加Hcy的代谢消耗,从而降低血浆中的Hcy水平。     

Properties,analysis and purification of milk polar lipids

The phospholipids and sphingolipids in milk are gaining interest due to their nutritional and technological qualities. Sphingolipids and their derivatives are highly bioactive compounds with anti-cancer, bacteriostatic and cholesterol-lowering properties. Several low-value process streams of the dairy industry contain considerable amounts of polar lipid and exert potential for further purification. This review deals with the structure of the main dairy polar lipids, their origin and molecular arrangement, their occurrence in raw milk and other dairy products, their methodology of analysis and purification and their nutritional and technological properties.