Inhibitory effects of garlic and other spices on biogenic amine production in Myeolchi-jeot,Korean salted and fermented anchovy product

This study was carried out to reduce biogenic amine contents in Myeolchi-jeot, Korean salted and fermented anchovy (Engraulis japonicus). The effects of a variety of spices including ginger, garlic, green onion, red pepper, clove and cinnamon, on biogenic amine production were determined by HPLC. The greatest inhibitory effect on biogenic amine production was observed in the culture treated by garlic extract. In the culture, the contents of putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine and spermidine were reduced by up to 11.2%, 18.4%, 11.7%, 30.9% and 17.4%, respectively, compared to control. The other spice extracts tested showed less or no effect in reducing biogenic amine contents. In addition, the extract of garlic showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the amine producers tested. The extract of garlic at a concentration of 5% (weight basis) was finally applied to the ripening of Myeolchi-jeot in situ, and then overall production of biogenic amines in Myeolchi-jeot was found to be reduced by up to 8.7%, compared to control. Consequently, it is expected that the findings of this study might be helpful for enhancing the safety of Myeolchi-jeot.     

蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏内与胆固醇代谢相关基因的作用

目的：研究蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏肝X受体（liver X receptor α,LXRα）、B族I型清道夫受 体（scavenger receptor class B, type I,SR-BI）、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白G5（ATP-binding cassette transporter G5,ABCG5）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ）及胆固醇7α-羟化 酶（cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase,CYP7a1）基因表达的影响。方法：选择2 月龄雄性Wistar大鼠60 只,将大鼠随机分为 6 组,其中10 只给予普通饲料,其余50 只给予高脂饲料。30 d造模成功后,分别建立基础饲料正常对照组（ND, 灌胃1.2 g/（kg·d）生理盐水）、高脂模型对照组（HFD,灌胃1.2 g/（kg·d）生理盐水）、阳性对照组（灌 胃10 mg/（kg·d）辛伐他汀片）和蓝靛果花色苷低（HFD＋L）、中（HFD＋M）、高（HFD＋H）剂量组（分别灌 胃4.0、40.0、120.0 mg/（kg·d）蓝靛果花色苷）,持续28 d。利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测大鼠肝脏组 织中LXRα、SR-BI、ABCG5、PPARγ及CYP7a1 mRNA的表达情况。结果：经蓝靛果花色苷干预后,与HFD组相比： 蓝靛果花色苷各剂量组肝脏中SR-BI、ABCG5 mRNA表达几乎不受影响,且无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;HFD＋M、 HFD＋H组LXRα、CYP7a1 mRNA表达升高且差异极显著（P＜0.01）;HFD＋L、HFD＋M、HFD＋H组 PPARγ mRNA表达降低且差异极显著（P＜0.01）。结论：蓝靛果花色苷通过提高高脂血症大鼠肝脏内LXRα、 CYP7a1 mRNA表达,降低PPARγ mRNA表达来调节高脂血症大鼠的血脂水平,预防动脉硬化的发生。 关键词：蓝靛果;蓝靛果花色苷;高脂血症大鼠;肝X受体;B族I型清道夫受体;三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白G5; 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ;胆固醇7α-羟化酶     

蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏LDLR、ABCG1及ABCA1基因表达的影响

目的：研究蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体（low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR）、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1（ATP-binding cassette transporter G1,ABCG1）及ABCA1基因表达的影响。 方法：选择2 月龄雄性Wistar大鼠60 只,将大鼠随机分为6 组,分别为基础饲料对照组（ND,1.2 g/（kg·d mb） 生理盐水灌胃）、高脂模型对照组（HFD,1.2 g/（kg·d mb）生理盐水灌胃）、阳性对照组（10 mg/（kg·d mb） 辛伐他汀片灌胃）,蓝靛果花色苷低、中、高剂量组（HFD＋L、HFD＋M、HFD＋H,分别给予4.0、40.0、 120.0 mg/（kg·d mb）的花色苷灌胃）,持续28 d。实验结束后,测定血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、 甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）、低密 度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、载脂蛋白A（apolipoprotein A,Apo-A）及载 脂蛋白B（Apo-B）等血脂指标水平。取大鼠肝脏,利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应测定大鼠肝脏组织中 LDLR、ABCG1、ABCA1 mRNA表达量,Western blot检测LDLR蛋白表达水平。结果：蓝靛果花色苷干预后, 与HFD组相比,花色苷均能不同程度地降低高血脂大鼠血清中TC、TG、LDL-C、Apo-B的含量（P＜0.05或 P＜0.01）,显著升高HDL-C及Apo-A的含量（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。花色苷各剂量组LDLR蛋白和mRNA水平均增 高,与HFD组比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,ABCA1 mRNA和ABCG1 mRNA的表达水平也高于HFD组,尤其是花 色苷中、高剂量组差异明显（P＜0.05）。结论：40.0 mg/（kg·d mb）蓝靛果花色苷具有明显的调节血脂作用,其 作用机制可能是通过上调肝脏LDLR和ABC家族基因的表达,进而调节胆固醇逆转运过程。     

干热处理对米糠蛋白结构与功能特性的影响

对干热处理后米糠蛋白的结构及功能特性变化进行探讨,结果表明：90 ℃干热处理下米糠蛋白组分发生明显的热变性,米糠蛋白的β-折叠结构含量有较大程度降低,并主要转变为无规卷曲结构和β-转角结构。随着干热处理温度的升高,α-螺旋结构含量逐渐增大,无规卷曲结构和β-转角结构含量并未表现出明显的线性变化趋势。干热处理条件下无序结构的增多促进了米糠蛋白的水合作用,使米糠蛋白溶解性增加,而随着干热处理温度升高至100 ℃,米糠蛋白的溶解度有所降低;无序结构增多使米糠蛋白整体柔性增强,随着干热处理温度的升高,米糠蛋白的乳化性呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,在100 ℃干热处理下米糠蛋白乳化性达到最大值45.56 m2/g,而米糠蛋白的乳化稳定性亦有所增加;米糠蛋白起泡性随干热处理温度的升高呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,干热处理温度80 ℃时米糠蛋白起泡性达到最大值为87.36%,米糠蛋白的泡沫稳定性随干热处理温度升高逐渐降低。     

非油炸黄桃脆片的加工工艺

为开发非油炸果蔬脆片产品,本文以黄桃为原料,采用流化-微波-烘焙相结合的生产工艺,以色差、Vc含量、感官评分和脆度等为评价指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验研究流化温度、流化风速、微波功率、微波时间、烘焙温度和时间等因素对黄桃脆片品质的影响,并分别对流化、微波和烘焙阶段进行工艺参数进行优化。试验结果表明:黄桃脆片的最佳生产工艺为流化温度55℃、流化风速300 m3/h;微波功率400 W、微波时间600 s,流化和微波转换时黄桃水分含量约20%;烘焙温度65℃、烘焙时间为35 min。在该工艺下研发的黄桃脆片口味甚佳,色泽较好,感官评分为91分,脆度值为469 g。该研究为非油炸果蔬脆片的加工提供了理论依据,也为果蔬类干制产品的开发拓宽了思路。     

野生亚侧耳多糖的提取和对巨噬细胞Raw264.7的免疫调节作用研究

本研究从亚侧耳子实体中分离出水溶性亚侧耳多糖(HSP),通过体外实验评估其对Raw264.7巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用。采用WST-1法检测HSP对巨噬细胞增殖作用的影响,Griess试剂检测一氧化氮(NO)浓度,ELISA法检测HSP对淋巴细胞中一肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和前列腺素E2(prostaglandins E2,PGE₂)等细胞因子分泌量的影响,反转录聚合酶链式反应分析诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、TNF-α和IL-1β的转录水平表达量。结果表明,HSP可显著提高Raw264.7细胞内NO的浓度,在HSP浓度为100.00 μg/mL时,NO的分泌量达到最大值(29.94 mmol/L)。与空白组相比,HSP可以显著提高TNF-α、IL-1β、PGE₂等免疫因子(P<0.05)的分泌量,其中IL-1β、PGE₂的25 μg/mL剂量组中各因子分泌量(31.9524 pg/mL,1.8174 ng/mL)均与LPS(脂多糖)阳性对照组相接近。反转录聚合酶链式反应分析结果表明,HSP能够提高iNOS和COX-2的蛋白表达量。HSP具有免疫调节的功能,可以作为免疫调节剂添加到功能性食品和药品中。     

Purification,characterization and bactericidal mechanism of a broad spectrum bacteriocin with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant strains produced by Lactobacillus coryniformis XN8

The multidrug-resistant strains of food spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food are badly in need of being controlled by effective bio-preservatives. In this study, the XN8 strain was isolated from Jiangshui and identified as Lactobacillus coryniformis according to 16S rRNA gene sequence. One of the bacteriocins produced by XN8 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and a series of chromatographic column, and designated as lactocin XN8-A (LXA). The molecular mass of LXA was 3100.0242 Da by MALDI-TOF MS. The LXA showed good heat, pH and storage stabilities. However, it was sensitive to proteases. The LXA was found to have a broad antimicrobial spectrum on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including multidrug-resistant strains and Listeria monocytogenes. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 6.85 μg/mL. The LXA had a bactericidal mode without cell lysis by the growth curve and time-kill assay. The results of electron microscope showed that the LXA destroyed membrane permeability and induced pore-formation of target cells. Furthermore, the LXA induced cell cycle arrest at both G1 and G2/M phase by cell cycle analysis. This research suggests that the LXA has promising potential as bio-preservative in food industry.     

Effect of exopolysaccharide-producing starter cultures and post-fermentation mechanical treatment on textural properties and microstructure of low fat yoghurt

The microstructure and texture of yoghurts produced by four different exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing starter cultures and mechanically treated post-fermentation at four levels of intensity (applied back-pressure) were studied. Two Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (LB) strains were used in combination with two Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) strains and yoghurts were formulated by pairwise combining one LB and one ST strain. The choice of ST strain was the major determinant for the rheological properties of the yoghurts, since one of the ST strains conferred a ropy texture and resulted in yoghurts with decreased water holding capacity and an open microstructure. In addition, one of the LB strains used produced both aggregated and threadlike EPS and improved water holding. When combined with an ST strain that produced neglible amounts of EPS this LB strain resulted in yoghurt where a moderate mechanical treatment post-fermentation was able to further improve the water holding capacity.     

基于树状分子聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)的复合纳滤膜制备及性能研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,通过聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM,G0)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的界面聚合反应制备复合纳滤膜。首先优化了界面聚合过程,并通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)进行了膜的表面形貌分析,最后考察了纳滤膜对Na2SO4、不同分子量聚乙二醇及小分子有机物的分离性能。结果表明:较优的纳滤膜制备条件为:PAMAM浓度0.25%(wt),TMC浓度0.3%(wt),界面聚合时间90 s,热处理温度60℃。FESEM分析表明经界面聚合反应后,超滤膜表面形成了一层致密的活性层。随着操作压力的增加及Na2SO4浓度的降低,膜对盐的截留率均不断增大。复合纳滤膜可有效截留盐,且其截留分子量(MWCO)处于600~1000 g mol 1。     

野生蓝莓果汁及其发酵果酒挥发性成分分析

利用顶空固相微萃取法并结合气相色谱-质谱技术,鉴定并分析了野生蓝莓果汁及其果酒中挥发性成分。结果表明,共鉴定出69种挥发性香气成分,包括酸（1种）、酯（21种）、醇（7种）、醛酮（11种）、酚（4种）、烷烃（15种）、其他物质（10种）。其中蓝莓果酒中检出45种挥发性成分,相对含量为86.09%;蓝莓果汁中检出挥发性成分为28种,相对含量为83.24%,其中4种为共有的挥发性成分。野生蓝莓果酒中主要的挥发性成分包括9-十六碳烯酸乙酯（13.09%）,正己酸乙酯（10.41%）,肉豆蔻醛（13.01%）。蓝莓果汁中的邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯 （36.49%）、六甲基环三硅氧烷（11.39%）、十四甲基环七硅氧烷（3.66%）是主要的挥发性成分。其中酯类物质是蓝莓果酒和蓝莓果汁形成独特香气的重要组成部分,各组分共同作用丰富其香气种类,赋予其宜人的香味。