Characterization of Crude and Partially Purified Lipase from Geotrichum candidum Obtained with Different Nitrogen Sources

Lipases from Geotrichum candidum were produced in two different medium: A = 12 % (w/v) clarified corn steep liquor (CCSL) + 0.6 % (w/v) soybean oil (SO) and B = 3.5 % (w/v) yeast hydrolysate (YH) + 0.7 % (w/v) SO. Lipases were partially purified from both media by hydrophobic interaction chromatography using 3.0 mol L^?1 of NaCl as mobile phase, and they were characterized in the crude and partially purified forms. The recovery of lipase activity from CCSL and YH via HIC were 96 and 94.3 %, and the purification factors were 44.3 and 86.7‐fold, respectively. All evaluated lipases had similar optimum pH (7.0–7.7), but, for the CCSL crude lipase, optimum temperature (47 °C) was 10 °C higher than others lipases evaluated. CCSL crude lipase possessed a higher thermo stability than YH crude lipase, e.g., at 37 °C (pH 7.0) the half‐life of CCSL crude lipase was 19.25 h and at pH 8.0 (30 °C) the half‐life was 48 h, which are five and ten times higher than with YH crude lipase, respectively. On the other hand, the YH crude lipase possessed a higher catalytic constant (k_cat = 2.3 min^?1) but with almost the same catalytic efficiency (K_m/k_cat = 32.12 mg mL min^?1) in relation to CCSL crude lipase. The lipases differ in biocatalytic properties between substrates, suggesting that the two lipases can be employed for different applications.     

铁皮石斛多糖抗癌及免疫活性研究

研究了铁皮石斛多糖的抗癌及免疫活性。水提醇沉法提取铁皮石斛多糖,将其作用于癌细胞株(HepG2、A549、F9、NCCIT)和小鼠脾脏细胞、腹腔巨噬细胞,观察细胞形态变化,并用MTT法分析其对细胞增殖的作用。结果表明:铁皮石斛多糖能抑制癌细胞的增殖并促进脾脏细胞生长,铁皮石斛多糖具有一定的抗癌活性及免疫活性。     

天然白地霉菌株发酵产品的毒理安全性评价

研究产香白地霉菌株发酵产品的食用安全性。采用小鼠急性毒性试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和30d喂养试验进行毒理学研究。急性毒性试验表明,白地霉发酵产品的小鼠LD50〉10．0g／kg体重,说明该受试物属于无毒级物质。骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验的结果为阴性,未显示出致突变性。30d喂养试验中各实验组（2．5、5．0、10．0g／kg体重）小白鼠生发育良好,体重、食物利用率,以及血常规、血液生化指标与对照组之间无显著差异,小白鼠组织解剖检查均未见病变,产香白地霉菌株发酵产品具有较好的饮用安全性,可作为饮料供消费者饮用。     

豆腐酸浆中高产蛋白的白地霉发酵条件的研究

本文对从酸浆中分离筛选出的白地霉FL44菌株在以黄浆水为主的培养基的条件下生产单细胞蛋白的发酵条件进行了初步研究,并对其发酵过程作了动态分析。结果表明培养基组成、初始pH值、摇瓶装量与培养时间等,均对该菌株细胞生物量和蛋白产量有影响,优化培养基组成为废糖蜜5%、(NH4)2HP041%);培养条件为培养基初始PH5.5,装量40mL/250mL,摇瓶,摇瓶转速为220rpm,30培养48h;菌体生物量及蛋白产量分别为15.2g/L和7.42g/L。     

Specific populations of the yeast Geotrichum candidum revealed by molecular typing

Geotrichum candidum is a ubiquitous yeast and an essential component in the production of many soft cheeses. We developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme with five retained loci (NUP116, URA1, URA3, SAPT4 and PLB3) which were sufficiently divergent to distinguish 40 sequence types (STs) among the 67 G. candidum strains tested. Phylogenetic analyses defined five main clades; one clade was restricted to environmental isolates, three other clades included distinct environmental isolates and dairy strains, while the fifth clade comprised 34 strains (13 STs), among which all but two were isolated from milk, cheese or the dairy environment. These findings suggest an adaptation to the dairy ecosystems by a group of specialized European G. candidum strains. In addition, we developed a polymerase chain reaction inter‐long terminal repeat scheme, a fast and reproducible random amplification of polymorphic DNA‐like method for G. candidum, to type the closely related dairy strains, which could not be distinguished by MLST. Overall, our findings distinguished two types of dairy strains, one forming a homogeneous group with little genetic diversity, and the other more closely related to environmental isolates. Neither regional nor cheese specificity was observed in the dairy G. candidum strains analysed. This present study sheds light on the genetic diversity of both dairy and environmental strains of G. candidum and thus extends previous characterizations that have focused on the cheese isolates of this species. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用响应面优化生物制麦工艺

利用白地霉菌株作为生物制麦添加物改造传统制麦工艺.以麦芽糖化力、α-氨基氮(α-AN)、浸出物相对质量分数为衡量指标,采用单因素对比分析与响应面结合的实验方法,研究白地霉添加量、浸麦温度、浸麦pH对麦芽综合品质的影响.结果表明:在白地霉接种量104个/g大麦、浸麦温度15℃、浸麦pH为4.0的最优制麦工艺下,所制麦芽综合指标实际值为206.15,糖化力为308.5WK,α-AN为186mg/100g,浸出物相对质量分数为87.1％,均高于轻工业行业标准QB/T 1686-2008中优级产品的指标,且所制麦芽中均未检测出真菌毒素.     

霍山石斛花的热风干燥特性、品质及其护色应用研究

为研究热风干燥温度和护色剂的应用对霍山石斛花干制品品质特性的影响,通过改变热风干燥温度(50、60、70、80℃),对比不同温度下霍山石斛花的干燥速率、失水特性、主要生物活性成分(多糖、总酚、黄酮)含量,并探讨不同护色剂的应用效果,最终确定干燥工艺。结果显示:50℃的样品干燥时间最长,70℃的样品总酚含量、80℃的样品黄酮类化合物含量最低。综合考虑干燥效率和生物活性成分含量,最终选择60℃作为霍山石斛花的干燥温度。此条件下,干燥时间为4. 5 h,干制品的黄酮、多糖和总酚含量分别为(10. 94±0. 10)、(16. 80±2. 69)和(28. 06±0. 14) mg/g。进一步采用0. 5 g/L异抗坏血酸钠在干燥前作护色处理可提升霍山石斛花干制品色泽品质。利用0. 5 g/L异抗坏血酸钠对霍山石斛花护色预处理,在60℃条件下热风干燥4. 5 h,所得干制品的外观色泽良好,生物活性成分最佳。     

稀土元素铈对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长和多糖合成的影响

研究外源稀土元素铈对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长、多糖合成、培养基中碳氮磷源消耗的动力学特性,以及对胞内糖、胞内氮、胞内磷转化的影响。结果表明：适量的铈能够改善霍山石斛类原球茎对碳氮源的利用,提高胞内糖、胞内氮、胞内磷的含量,从而促进细胞生长和多糖合成。以添加10μmol/L 的铈效果最好,细胞的生长速率从0.501g/(L·d)提高到0.649g/(L·d);培养至24d 时,每升培养液中类原球茎干质量为25.45g,比对照提高了20.2%,培养至18d 多糖总质量浓度达到峰值3.35g/L,是对照的1.53 倍。     

Enzymatic and molecular characteristics of Geotrichum candidum strains as a starter culture for malting

Geotrichum candidum yeasts are proposed as a starter culture during malting. They have a double positive effect on the process. They eliminate the fungal pathogenic microflora and improve the technological properties of the finished product, malt. Among published research little or no information can be found considering the biosynthesis of hydrolytic enzymes. Most of the data is related to the production of lipases, proteases and cellulases. This paper examines the enzymology of a number of G. candidum strains. The main focus within the evaluation process was placed on whole cell barley grain cultivation. Hydrolase, which is present in cell wall degradation, was found at a satisfactory level. All tested strains produced both β‐1,3‐glucanases and β‐1,4‐glucanases capable of hydrolysing barley β‐glucan and reducing the amount of this polysaccharide in the wort. Molecular analysis of the tested strains with the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism–polymerase chain reaction and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA confirmed not only the species affiliation, but also the genetic similarity between the tested strains. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

石斛花鼓风干燥机理和感官品质变化规律

基于远红外鼓风干燥和低频核磁共振探索霍山石斛花和铁皮石斛花干燥过程,构建适合干燥不同种类石斛花的基础参数模型,并使用质构分析仪研究石斛干花的感官品质变化规律。结果表明:远红外鼓风干燥仪干制后的霍山石斛花和铁皮石斛花,通过低频核磁共振发现,干品水分含量均是结合水,干品泡制后的复水性佳;利用干燥动力学模型所得数据与试验数据的相关系数平方高于0.99,相关性很好;经质构仪测定,随着干燥次数增加,硬度和脆性也增加,干制品品质提高,延长了贮存期。