一种MMC型VSC-HVDC系统预充电的控制策略

模块化多电平换流器(Modular Multilevel Converter,MMC)是一种新型的电压源换流器拓扑,很适合于柔性直流输电(Voltage Source Converter Topology Applied in Voltage Source Converter-high Voltage Direct Current,VSC-HVDC)场合。在系统正常运行之前,MMC中的电容需进行预充电操作,以建立额定的电容电压和直流母线电压。首先介绍了传统启动方式存在的缺陷,为弥补这些不足,结合MMC启动时的数学模型,在详细分析换流器电容预充电动态过程的基础上,采用载波移相(Carrier Phase Shifted Modulation,CPSM)策略提出了一种适用于MMC可控阶段的新型启动方法。设计了电容电压参考值给定方式、内环电流控制以及外环电压控制,该预充电策略在限制过电流和避免过电压的同时,兼顾启动的速度和效率,提高了柔性直流输电系统启动的快速性和可靠性。由在Matlab/Simulink中所构建模型的仿真结果可以看出,所提出的控制策略正确、有效。     

Synthesis and characterization of novel,temperature‐sensitive microgels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide and tert‐butyl acrylate

A series of temperature‐sensitive microgels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide as the main monomer, tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) as the comonomer, and N,N′‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide) as the crosslinker were synthesized with a modified surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization method. The chemical structure and global shape with an excellent monodispersity of the microgels were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The temperature‐sensitive behavior of the microgels was investigated by dynamic light scattering and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometric analysis. The results show that the volume phase‐transition temperature of the poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐tert‐butyl acrylate) [poly(NIPAM‐co‐tBA)] microgels were tuned over a broad range by the incorporated amount of tBA comonomer and their temperature sensitivity decreased with increasing content of tBA units incorporated into the microgel network. Furthermore, the swelling ratios of the poly (NIPAM‐co‐tBA) microgels were lowered gradually with increasing tBA unit content within the microgel network. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2962–2967, 2007     

PTC型BaTiO3陶瓷的孪晶和孪晶界

用透射电镜和高分辨电镜观察研究了PTC型BaTiO_3陶瓷的孪晶和孪晶界结构,并提出了可能的{111}孪晶及孪晶界的原子结构模型。结果表明,{111}孪晶形成氧八面体共面的共格倾斜孪晶界,在孪晶界处可能存在一定量的A空位且原子密度要低于孪晶体内。同时还发现两种其它特征的孪晶现象。     

ZPW-2000A轨道电路断轨态分析

轨道电路断轨态接受端电压阈值的界定是影响断轨检测系统可行性及可靠性的关键因素。针对ZPW-2000A轨道电路的断轨态进行仿真分析,在轨道电路断轨态数学模型的建立中考虑了电气绝缘节的等效阻抗以及补偿电容等单元对轨道电路传输特性的影响,利用分布参数模型法推导得出其传输矩阵参数。并在不同的道床电阻和断轨点条件下,利用Matlab软件仿真分析了ZPW-2000A轨道电路断轨态接受端轨面电压的变化。结果表明道床电阻和断轨点位置是影响轨道电路接受端轨面电压的两个重要因素,随着道床电阻和断轨点的变化,断轨态接受端电压始终存在着一个极大值。该仿真模型的建立及其分析方法为ZPW-2000A轨道电路断轨检测的阈值确定提供了一定的依据。     

新型纳米活性流体协同改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性的机理

以带正电的碳酸钙纳米颗粒和阳-非离子双子表面活性剂为原料，制备了一种纳米活性流体。通过Zeta电位、红外光谱（IR）、石英晶体微天平（QCM）、接触角测量和自发渗吸实验等方法研究了制得纳米活性流体中碳酸钙纳米颗粒和阳-非离子双子表面活性剂协同改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性的机理。结果表明，纳米活性流体处理后的油湿性砂岩表面红外光谱中，原油的羰基吸收峰强度低于阳-非离子双子表面活性剂处理后的砂岩表面羰基吸收峰强度；当阳-非离子双子表活剂质量分数均较高时（>0.003%），纳米活性流体中的碳酸钙颗粒促进了双子表面活性剂和原油羧基离子对的形成和解吸附过程，使得纳米活性流体处理过的砂岩表面共振频率变化量（Δf）比阳-非离子双子表面活性剂处理过的砂岩表面Δf小；接触角测定结果进一步确认，纳米活性流体改变油湿性砂岩表面润湿性的效果比单一阳-非离子双子表面活性剂和碳酸钙纳米颗粒效果更好，纳米活性流体中的两种组分起到协同效应。     

Oxidation of Butane to Maleic Anhydride using Vanadium Phosphate Catalysts: Comparison of Operation in Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions using a Gas-gas Periodic Flow Reactor

The use of a periodic flow reactor is described for the oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride to compare the catalytic performance of vanadium phosphate catalysts operating under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It is found that for the catalyst prepared via a standard VPO method, operation in the absence of oxygen leads to a very small enhancement in selectivity when butane concentrations in the range 0.9–2.9% are used. Operation in the absence of oxygen leads to very small differences in conversion such that the overall yield is enhanced and this effect is maximised for reactor feeds containing 1.5% butane. However, the enhancement is negligible when the catalyst is operated at high conversion required for commercial operation, indicating that reactors operating with continuous flow with aerobic conditions are preferred. Similar experiments are conducted for a catalyst prepared by the VPD method and, in contrast, this catalyst gives lower butane conversion and maleic anhydride selectivity when operated in the absence of oxygen.     

基于STM32与MCX314的双核四轴运动控制器

自主设计了一种双核四轴运动控制器.该运动控制器以MCX314As与STM32为核心硬件.该控制器不仅能够完成四轴的位置、速度和S曲线的加减速控制等功能,还能够完成直线插补,任意两轴圆弧插补与任意三轴位元插补.该控制器还基于STM32配备了USB接口、SD卡接口、USART口以及CAN总线等.该设备有很强的移植性,不仅能接人大型总线网络中,还具有很强的独立工作能力.     

中长期负荷预测研究与管理一体化应用平台的构建

论文提出了一种构建中长期负荷预测研究与管理一体化应用平台的设想.平台中,建立了经济、能源及电力生产数据的数据库,实现了经济与用电典型样本监测,建立电力与经济预测系统.该平台主要实现中长期负荷预测的相关研究、分析、预测功能,实现对于负荷预测相关工作的全过程管理,共享基础数据资源与预测结论,规范预测流程,统一预测指标体系,能有效提高工作效率与质量.该平台已在国网安徽省电力公司建设实现,并已试运行.     

Melting,crystallization behaviors,and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PET/PTT/PBT ternary blends

The melting, crystallization behaviors, and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of the ternary blends composed of poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and poly(buthylene terephthalate) (PBT) were studied with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). PBT content in all ternary blends was settled invariably to be one‐third, which improved the melt‐crystallization temperature of the ternary blends. All of the blend compositions in amorphous state were miscible as evidenced by a single, composition‐dependent glass transition temperature (T_g) observed in DSC curves. DSC melting thermograms of different blends showed different multiple melting and crystallization peaks because of their various polymer contents. During melt‐crystallization process, three components in blends crystallized simultaneously to form mixed crystals or separated crystals depending upon their content ratio. The Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny and the Ozawa theory were employed to describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of two selected ternary blends. The results spoke that the Avrami equation was successful in describing the nonisothermal crystallization process of the ternary blends. The values of the t_1/2 and the parameters Z_c showed that the crystallization rate of the ternary blends with more poly(ethylene terephthalate) content was faster than that with the lesser one at a given cooling rate. The crystal morphology of the five ternary blends investigated by polarized optical microscopy (POM) showed different size and distortional Maltese crosses or light spots when the PTT or poly(ethylene terephthalate) component varied, suggesting that the more the PTT content, the larger crystallites formed in ternary blends. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

氯霉素废水的处理

本试验对氯霉素废水的处理分浓废水和淡废水两个部分，浓度水采 烧法处理，淡废水采用还原一氧化二级物化法处理。结果都能达到国家和上海市的排放标准，且工业上可行，投资上节省。