Aerobic biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate by Xiangjiang River sediment and microflora analysis

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), one of phthalate acid esters (PAEs), was investigated to determine its biodegradation rate using Xiangjiang River sediment and find potential DBP degraders in the enrichment culture of the sediment. The sediment sample was incubated with an initial concentration of DBP of 100 mg/L for 5 d. The biodegradation rate of DBP was detected using HPLC and the degraded products were analyzed by GC/MS. Subsequently, the microbial diversity of the enrichment culture was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results reveal that almost 100% of DBP is degraded after merely 3 d, generating two main degraded products: mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) and 9-octadecenoic acid. After a six-month enrichment period under the pressure of DBP, the dominant family in the final enrichment culture is clustered with the Comamonas sp., the remaining are affiliated with Sphingomonas sp., Hydrogenophaga sp., Rhizobium sp., and Acidovorax sp. The results show the potential of these bacteria to be used in the bioremediation of DBP in the environment.     

Bioleaching of chalcocite by mixed microorganisms subjected to mutation

Mixed microorganisms with elevated activity of chalcocite-leaching were screened by mutation methods. The original microorganisms collected from acid mine drainage of different sites were mixed and then treated with mutagens NO₂⁻, diethyl sulfate (DES), UV and their combinations, respectively. Five groups of mixed microorganisms with much stronger ore-leaching ability were obtained by screening on the leaching media. Among them, group E of mixed microorganisms (treated with 1% DES for 60 min) with the best performance on chalcocite-leaching, increases the content of Cu²⁺ by 101.4% in 20 d of leaching compared with the control culture. In addition, group E is more tolerant to Cu²⁺ in media than the control without mutation treatment. Analysis for the diversity of microbial clones indicates that half of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in group E are Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. These observations suggest that group E might have potentials for industrial application. Foundation item: Project(50321402) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2004CB619201) supported by the Major State Basic Research and Development Program of China     

Identification and fermentation optimization of protopectinase-overproducing strain Aspergillus niger CD-01 for pectin production

In order to solve the citrus peel resource waste problem and minimize the drawbacks of chemical extraction of pectin, a protopectinase-overproducing strain CD-01 for pectin production was isolated from a pit soil dumped with perished orange in Changde City, Hunan Province of China. The strain CD-01 had the same morphology and 28S rRNA gene sequence (FJ184995) as that of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 64028). It was thus identified and named as Aspergillus niger CD-01. The fermentation condition was optimized based on L₉(3⁴) orthogonal experimental design and the variances analyses. The results show that the optimal condition for producing pectin is as follows: time 36 h, temperature 35 °C, pH 5, and urea as the nitrogen source. Under this condition, the pectin yield can reach up to 24.5%. This shows a great potential of Aspergillus niger CD-01 in pectin extraction from citrus. Foundation item: Projects(50621063, 50674101) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Bioleaching of pyrrhotite by Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans

The bioleaching of pyrrhotite was investigated using Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans.The effects of pH,pulp concentration,inoculation amount,external addition of ferrous and ferric ions were examined.The pH is found to exert a profound effect on the leaching process for controlling the bacterial activity and precipitation of ferric ions mainly as jarosite.The results show that low pulp content increases the leaching rate of iron.The inoculation amount from 1×107 cell/mL to 1×108 cell/mL has positive effects on the leaching rate.The results also imply that addition of ferrous sulfate（1 g/L） is required for the bacteria to efficiently drive the extraction of iron,however,the leaching efficiency has no obvious enhancement when 2 g/L ferrous sulfate was added.Comparatively,addition of ferric sulfate（2 g/L） significantly inhibits the bioleaching process.At the end of bioleaching,jarosite and sulfur are observed on the surface of pyrrhotite residues by using XRD and SEM.With the passivation film formed by jarosite and sulfur,the continuous iron extraction is effectively blocked.     

2-氨基-5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑缓蚀剂结构的密度泛函计算

采用密度泛函量子化学计算方法,获得了在B3LYP/6-311 G(2d)(5D,7F)理论水平上2-氨基-5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑(简称AMT)4种互变异构体的平衡几何构型、能量和电荷分布,证实了4种互变异构体的所有原子处于同一平面,且有一种异构体最稳定.研究结果表明:AMT4种异构体中的环骨架具有芳香性,AMTc与Cu形成的缓蚀膜层是Cu(Ⅰ)与AMTc中的7N和2S原子分别形成共价键和配位键相互交错而成.计算了AMT4种异构体的谐振频率和红外光谱强度.     

两株不同铁氧化细菌合成的沉淀差异性分析

通过ICP-AES、SEM、XRD和FTIR等方法，对不同铁氧化细菌在不同温度条件下所合成的赭黄色高铁沉淀进行了分析。结果表明：无论是嗜铁钩端螺旋菌DY菌株（Leptospirillum ferriphium），还是嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌GF菌株（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）合成的沉淀都是黄钾铁矾和黄铵铁矾的混合物；其中，GF合成的沉淀混合物中黄钾铁矾的含量比DY合成的黄钾铁矾约高出5．53％；而DY合成的沉淀中，黄铵铁矾的含量比GF合成的沉淀中的黄铵铁矾的含量约高出15．24％。     

ZnO掺杂纳米CeO2的共沸蒸馏法合成

采用化学共沉淀法结合正丁醇共沸蒸馏处理前驱体合成了ZnO掺杂纳米CeO2颗粒,通过XRD,DSC/TG,IR,TEM,原子吸收光谱以及紫外透过率分析等方法对其结构和性能进行了表征;并根据XRD线宽法,由Scherrer公式计算其晶粒尺寸,研究了共沸蒸馏、ZnO掺杂、以及焙烧温度和时间对CeO2纳米晶粒尺寸的影响.结果表明正丁醇共沸蒸馏法能有效脱除前驱体凝胶中的水分,防止干燥和焙烧过程中硬团聚的形成,从而得到粒径更小、分布更均匀、分散性更好的纳米CeO2颗粒;2 mol%～10 mol%掺杂ZnO能与纳米CeO2形成固溶体,且掺入量增加引起纳米CeO2晶粒有所增大;随焙烧温度提高,ZnO掺杂纳米CeO2晶粒显著长大,而高温下随焙烧时间延长,其晶格进一步趋于完整,晶粒尺寸增加;纳米CeO2具有良好的可见光透过和紫外光吸收能力,ZnO掺杂不会影响纳米CeO2的紫外遮蔽效果.     

介孔CeO2的化学沉淀法合成及表征

以硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3.6H2O)、碳酸铵((NH4)2CO3.H2O)为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,采用化学沉淀法合成了一系列具有不同孔径的介孔CeO2粉末,使用X射线衍射(XRD)、差示/热重(DSC/TG)、BET孔性能测试、透射电镜(TEM)及红外光谱(IR)分析等手段对合成产物进行了分析和表征,探讨了CTAB与Ce的摩尔比、反应温度、焙烧温度和时间对孔径大小和比表面积的影响。在CTAB与Ce的摩尔比为1∶1、反应温度为80℃、焙烧温度为300℃、焙烧时间为1 h条件下,制得了比表面积为132 m2/g的介孔CeO2。     

Cu~(2+)对Fe~(2+)在T.f菌修饰粉末微电极上氧化行为的影响

Fe2 + 的氧化在细菌浸矿过程中具有重要作用 ,细菌浸铜过程中 ,Cu2 + 的存在对T .f菌的生长代谢和其氧化Fe2 + 的能力有一定影响。制备了T .f菌修饰碳粉粉末微电极 ,研究了Cu2 + 存在下Fe2 + 在T .f菌修饰粉末微电极上氧化的电化学反应机理 ,并测定了相应的电极过程动力学参数。循环伏安研究表明 ,Cu2 + 的存在不影响Fe2 + 在T .f菌修饰粉末微电极上的氧化反应的可逆性。对电极稳态及暂态过程研究表明 ,当Cu2 + 浓度在 12mmol/L以下时 ,Cu2 + 的存在不会抑制Fe2 + 在T .f菌修饰粉末微电极上的氧化 ,适量Cu2 + 加强T .f菌氧化Fe2 +的作用是在于其加快了电荷传递速率     

高岭石脱水反应的非等温热重法研究

在系统分析非等温固相反应特点的基础上,建立了非等温脱水反应速率方程.采用非等温热重法、通过计算机辅助计算,对高岭石脱水反应动力学规律进行了研究.结果表明:由于高岭石晶体结构中内、外羟基脱除的顺序不同,其脱水反应机制在反应分数(α)为0.7左右时发生改变.在反应前期(0＜α＜0.7)时,脱水反应遵循二维扩散控制规律,脱水反应表观活化能为159.682 kJ/mol、表观频率因子为1.007×10 10/min.