Research on Crop Irrigation Schedules Under Deficit Irrigation—A Meta-analysis

Water Resources Management - Increasing water consumption in agriculture due to global climate change has posed considerable challenges to food security, thus improving the efficiency of water...     

OPAH a model for optimal design of multipurpose small hydropower plants

The investment in small hydropower plants requires the analysis of hydrological, technical, operational, budgetary, economical and financial aspects. The analysis of each possible configuration demands the joint action of several technicians, consuming substantial time and money. During initial design of the project, simplified procedures are usually adopted which may compromise the quality of the base configuration.In this paper we will present a global overview of the OPAH model, which was developed to surpass these limitations. This global model performs the optimization of project configuration. This model uses non-linear programming optimization to analyze the multipurpose operation of the hydropower plant. It uses a numeric simulation model of unsteady flow under pressure to analyze the hydraulic circuit. It uses an economical and financial simulation model that takes in to account the project risk associated to hydrologic and market variability, the financial capacity of the investor and the fiscal aspects.     

Strength and chemical resistance of mortars containing brick manufacturing clays subjected to different treatments

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the properties of mortar in which a calcined clay was employed as a pozzolan. Mortars were prepared using either heat treated clay or ground waste clay bricks (from the same clay subjected to 1000 °C calcining) as a pozzolanic partial replacement for cement at replacement levels of 10%, 20% and 30%. The compressive strengths of the mortars were monitored up to 90 days and the resistance to sodium sulphate solution and synthetic seawater was monitored up to 300 days. The specimens were also monitored for weight changes. Partially replacing cement by ground brick or heat-treated brick clay gives early strengths that are lower than that of the control. At 90 days, however, the strengths are the same as or are greater than that of the control. Heat-treated clay is effective in reducing expansion during exposure of the mortar to sulphate solution and synthetic seawater. The rapidly cooled clay gives better performance, in terms of strength development and resistance to harmful solutions, than the slow cooled clay.     

基于LMDI和STIRPAT模型的区域用水影响因素定量分析研究

区域用水影响因素分析对落实最严格水资源管理制度、实现节水型社会建设具有重要意义。为定量表征区域用水变化和影响因素之间的关系,通过LMDI因素分解识别人口规模、经济发展水平、节水技术水平对用水变化的影响程度,采用STIRPAT模型解析用水总量对人口规模、经济发展水平、节水技术水平变化的变动响应关系,以榆林市2000—2017年用水及影响因素变化为例开展了实证研究。结果显示:人口规模和经济发展水平对用水增长起到正向促进作用,节水技术水平起到负向抑制作用。人口规模、经济发展水平、节水技术水平效应依次为8 163.124万m~3、144 238.924万m~3、-126 161.049万m~3;人口规模、经济发展水平、节水技术水平每变化1%,用水将分别变化1.208%、0.061%和0.037%;经济发展水平和节水技术水平是用水变化的主要影响因素,但用水对人口规模变化敏感程度最高。最后,结合榆林市水资源特点提出针对性措施和建议,以期为榆林市水资源规划与管理提供参考。     

基于TL矩法的洪水频率分布参数估计方法优选

为分析TL矩法在洪水频率分析中的普适性,以陕北地区神木、绥德、杏河、刘家河、黄陵和志丹6个水文站的年最大洪峰流量序列为例,选取广义Pareto分布、广义极值分布和广义Logistic分布,对线性矩法、极大似然法与TL矩法3种参数估计方法进行拟合优度评估。结果表明:除杏河站用广义极值分布外,其他5个水文站的年最大洪峰流量序列用广义Pareto分布拟合效果更佳;与线性矩法和极大似然法相比,TL矩法在各水文站均表现出更佳的拟合效果,是一种洪水频率分布参数估计的较好方法。     

基于原型观测的输水渠道糙率取值及变化分析

为了研究长距离渠道糙率的合理取值,依据北疆输水工程总干渠2011—2016年逐日水位、流量数据,采用曼宁公式反算典型断面糙率,并构建一维非恒定流水动力模型对渠段糙率进行校核,分析长距离渠道糙率在渠段间的差异及边壁粗糙度随运行时间的变化情况。结果表明:断面的实测糙率与顺直渠段糙率相符,总干渠顺直段糙率在0.015～0.016,弯道明显的渠段,弯度校正因子在1.15～1.50,大小与弯道复杂程度相关;渠道糙率随运行时间呈增长趋势,总干渠等效粗糙度中期运行的年增幅约为18.54%。     

径流过程分维数与其主要影响因素的定量研究

为研究分维数与其主要影响因素的定量关系,收集泾河张家山水文站的径流资料和该流域长武、环县、崆峒气象站日降雨数据以及ＮＤＶＩ遥感影像,分别选取降水不均匀系数为代表降水年内分配不均匀程度的指标和ＮＤＶＩ为反映人类活动对流域植被覆盖影响的指标,经过归一化处理后,使用ＭＴＡＬＡＢ软件得出以年为单位的泾河径流过程分维数与该流域降水不均匀系数和ＮＤＶＩ的定量关系式。结果表明分维数与降水不均匀系数呈正相关（Ｒ＝０．５５７１）,而与ＮＤＶＩ呈负相关（Ｒ＝０．２２７８）。说明降水年内分配越不均匀,植被覆盖越小,径流过程越复杂,分维数就越大,符合平常认知;泾河流域的降水对径流过程的影响较流域植被覆盖更大。     

二价铁离子对零价铁还原硝基苯的影响

为了解地下水环境中铁离子对零价铁(zero valention)还原作用的影响,采用批次实验,研究不同质量浓度二价铁离子对ZVI还原硝基苯的影响,利用HPLC和GC-MS作为分析工具,观测反应过程中硝基苯的质量浓度,同时跟踪溶液中Fe2+、pH、ORP的变化.结果表明,有无Fe2+存在,硝基苯均可被ZVI还原为苯胺,Fe2+没有改变还原产物;溶液中投加Fe2+后,ZVI还原硝基苯的反应速率明显加快,溶液中Fe2+对于还原反应起促进作用;溶液中Fe2+对ZVI体系pH起缓冲作用,含有Fe2+的ZVI体系ORP下降明显.反应动力学分析表明,硝基苯的还原反应符合假一级动力学模型,表观速率常数kobs值随Fe2+质量浓度的升高而增加,Fe2+离子的存在有助于ZVI对硝基苯的还原.     

基于季节长记忆双自回归模型的日径流模拟

传统时间序列模型无法同时考虑径流序列的长记忆性和时变波动性,且模型参数限制严格,从而使日径流序列模拟受到限制,影响径流模拟预测精度。本文提出了同时考虑非平稳性、季节性、长记忆性和时变波动性的新型双自回归模型(WOA-SFIDAR),并与经典长记忆波动率模型(SFIAR-GARCH)进行对比,选取渭河流域4个水文站日径流序列进行模拟验证。结果表明：WOA-SFIDAR模型的模拟能力优于SFIAR-GARCH模型,模拟结果很好地保持了日径流过程的统计特性。7、8月份模拟均值误差相对较大,WOA-SFIDAR模型的误差范围(5.72～32.56)低于SFIAR-GARCH模型(7.42～48.02)。WOA-SFIDAR模拟逐月变差系数(C_v)和偏态系数(C_s)与实测序列统计值间偏差范围为0～0.51和0.02～1.31,优于SFIAR-GARCH模型(0.02～0.56和0.06～1.52);模拟结果能够保持日径流序列自相关系数(ACF)的变化趋势,且随滞时的增加,实测序列与模拟序列的ACF差距减小。文中模型扩展了水文随机模拟方法,可为日径流模拟...     

西北地区农业干旱对气象干旱的时空多角度响应

采用标准化降水蒸散指数和标准化土壤水指数分别表征气象干旱和农业干旱,基于干旱事件三维识别和气象干旱与农业干旱事件对的匹配结果,利用Copula函数条件概率分布和贝叶斯网络概率模型分析了西北地区农业干旱对气象干旱的时空多角度响应关系。结果表明：基于线性、非线性关系模型及Copula函数条件概率分布确立了西北地区农业干旱对气象干旱的干旱历时、干旱烈度、干旱面积及干旱迁移距离间最优响应关系分别为二次多项式模型、基于Frank Copula函数的非线性关系模型、指数模型和线性模型;建立的气象、农业干旱变量间的响应概率特征曲线可定量预测西北地区不同程度的气象干旱发展为农业干旱的概率;已知气象干旱特征条件下,根据最优响应关系及响应概率特征曲线可对农业干旱特征及其发生概率进行可靠预测。