汉江上游降水与径流变化趋势研究

采用Mann-Kendall法和线性回归分析方法对汉江上游降水及丹江口水库天然入库径流变化趋势进行了分析,结果均表明汉江上游降水和丹江口水库天然入库径流在1991年发生突变,1991年后汉江水量由丰变枯;但年降水与径流的长期变化趋势均不显著,即汉江流域20世纪90年代持续枯水事件只是其径流丰枯交替的一个枯水期。依据预测的2030水平年汉江上游地区耗水量,分析了丹江口水库入库径流,结果表明,丹江口水库2030水平年入库径流为356.3亿m³ ,仍有向外供水的能力。     

泥沙源区沟道输沙能力的计算方法

小流域沟道是泥沙进入江河的初级通道，在洪水流量较大时，沟道挟沙力强，其输沙量往往接近断面以上流域侵蚀量，进入江河的沙量取决于流域内的补给沙量，但在洪水流量较小时，沟道水流挟沙力下降，其输沙量小于断面以上流域侵蚀量，进入江河的沙量取决于各级沟道的挟沙能力。黄土地区小流域沟道纵坡陡，固体物质补给又十分丰富，虽然沟道尺度不大，但水流含沙量却很高，已有各种基于低含沙水流的挟沙公式不能表达沟道中高含沙水流的输沙特性。作者通过分析及试验研究，求得在输沙平衡条件下水流泥沙因子间的关系，提出小流域沟道挟沙力公式，经初步验证结果满意，这为估算分析不同条件下流域输沙量提供依据，也对水土保持规划有一定的指导意义。     

Hydrological impacts of inflow and land-use changes in the Gorai River catchment,Bangladesh

This study looks at the changes in water balance in the Gorai River Catchment in the Bangladesh delta before and after operationalization of Farakka Barrage. Results show that inflow into the catchment has decreased, but major changes in land use within the catchment have also impacted runoff. Model scenarios demonstrate that although increasing inflow from upstream is the most effective method to increase dry season flows into the delta, reduction in cultivation of water-intensive crops would provide an alternative solution.     

Factors influencing water level changes in China’s largest freshwater lake,Poyang Lake,in the past 50 years

This study analyses the changing characteristics in the level of Poyang Lake during the period 1960–2010. Results show that the changing stage of annual lake level variations is evident, and average onset time of the lake dry season has advanced since the 1990s. Investigation indicates that the Yangtze River discharge has a greater impact on annual lake level variations than the lake’s catchment inflow. Climate change in the Yangtze River basin since the 1990s is possibly the precondition for the advance of the lake dry season, which is further aggravated by the effects of the Three Gorges Dam in the 2000s.     

Developing partnership approaches for flood risk management: implementation of inter-local co-operations in Austria

This article relates how catchment-wide partnership agreements have been used in approaching flood risk management in Austria. Upstream–downstream co-operations are clearly influenced by a number of factors, where the combination of these interdependences can create specific conditions that alter the opportunity for effective governance arrangements in a local scheme approach. We present the motivations and drivers of the creation of inter-local co-operations in flood risk management, focusing especially on the main barriers and challenges. Although a partnership approach may be seen as an ‘optimal’ solution for flood risk management, in practice there are many limitations and barriers to establishing these collaborations.     

Integrated Catchment Management in China

Abstract

As industries develop and waste discharge increases in China, the water quality in many rivers becomes a serious issue. Although the Chinese government has taken river pollution control as the top priority in enviornmental management, pollution still occurs in many locations regularly. One of the reasons is that the policy used for pollution control in China is more or less like “cure the problems, but not take radical measures.” An integrated catchment management (ICM) approach has been implemented in Australia as a fundamental measure for resource management and water pollution control since the 1980s. The ICM approach has been proved to be an effective means for pollution control in Australia. Is it possible to use the ICM approach in China? This paper describes an investigation on the possibility by comparing the conditions for implementing ICM programs in Australia and China. It is suggested that the Australian ICM model cannot be directly used in China because of: (1) difficulty of coordinating authorities at different levels, (2) unclear ownership of resources, (3) small farming scales, and (4) poor education of resources users. However, it may be possible to implement the ICM approach in China by: (1) establishing a clear ownership system of resources (land, water, and vegetation), (2) extending the function of existing catchment management committees, (3) establishing strong acts of catchment management, and (4) establishing monitoring and audit systems for resource use andconservation. The detailed implementation procedure for China needs to be further studied.     

大渡河流域水电科学开发实践分析

大渡河是四川水电的"一环路",其水电开发情况复杂,制约因素众多,国电大渡河公司坚持以科学发展观为指导,科学、合规、有序开展了大渡河流域水电资源可持续开发,实现了水电开发、环境保护、区域经济社会和谐发展、互相促进。     

雨强和土地利用对豫西南山区氮磷流失的影响

为了掌握雨强和土地利用方式对丹江口水库水源区养分流失的影响,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,对从豫西南山区采集的5种常见土地利用类型的表层土壤,开展了6种雨强下TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)的流失规律研究。结果表明:1地表产流中,雨强对TN的平均含量影响显著,雨强大于1.0 mm/min时才会对TP的含量产生影响;不同用地产生的泥沙中,雨强大于等于3.0 mm/min时才会对TN、TP的含量产生显著影响。2土地类型对TN、TP的流失量也有极大的影响,乔木林、灌草地因其具有较坡耕地、梯田与荒草地更好的土壤结构,TN、TP的流失量相对较少,但前两者之间与后三者之间的差异不大。3对径流中TN、TP的含量与雨强作回归分析,除乔木林地和灌草地略有不同外,其他各用地类均为对数拟合的效果最差,多项式拟合的决定系数较高;不同用地产沙中TN、TP含量与雨强的关系,均以多项式拟合的效果为最好。     

川江流域土地利用时空格局动态变化特征

川江流域是长江上游经济区的核心区,也是国家西部大开发的重要地区,其土地利用变化对国土资源优化布局、生态屏障建设以及下游流域生境保护具有显著作用。该研究以2000年、2005年及2013年3期的土地利用数据为基础,分析了川江流域土地利用变化动态变化特征,并利用植被指数、植被覆盖度变化对研究区土地利用合理性进行评价。结果表明,该流域土地利用类型在数量、结构上都存在明显的分异特征。2000年-2013年综合土地利用动态度0.83%,表明这期间每年每100km2土地中有0.83km2的利用方式发生了改变。研究认为,土地利用类型间的多维向转化是引起土地利用时空分布变化的直接表现形式。2000年-2013年期间植被指数NDVI出现好转现象,表明近13年来川江流域土地利用具有一定程度上的合理性。