Modification of margarine fats by enzymatic interesterification: Evaluation of a solid-fat-content-based exponential model with two groups of oil blends

Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed interesterification for the modification of margarine fats was carried out in a batch reactor at 70°C with a lipase dosage of 4%. Solid fat content (SFC) was used to monitor the reaction progress. Lipase-catalyzed interesterification, which led to changes in the SFC, was assumed to be a first-order reversible reaction. Accordingly, the change in SFC vs. reaction time was described by an exponential model. The model contained three parameters, each with a particular physical or chemical meaning: (i) the initial SFC (SFC₀), (ii) the change in SFC (ΔSFC) from the initial to the equilibrium state, and (iii) the reaction rate constant value (k). SFC_o and ΔSFC were related to only the types of blends and the blend ratios. The rate constant k was related to lipase activity on a given oil blend. Evaluation of the model was carried out with two groups of oil blends, i.e., palm stearin/coconut oil in weight ratios of 90∶10, 80∶20, and 70∶30, and soybean oil/fully hydrogenated soybean oil in weight ratios of 80∶20, 65∶35, and 50∶50. Correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 between the experimental and predicted values were observed for SFC at temperatures above 30°C. The model is useful for predicting changes in the SFC during lipase-catalyzed interesterification with a selected group of oil blends. It also can be used to control the process when particular SFC values are targeted.     

生物流化床预处理黄浦江原水中试研究

对采用悬浮填料的生物流化床原水预处理技术进行了探讨。分析了自然挂膜条件下的工艺启动过程。在8个工况条件下，流化床对污染物的去除效果。中试运行表明；在温度适谊，停留时间为60min，填料填充率为50%条件下，氨氮平均去除效率达到77.6%。氨氮的比表面去除负荷与温度线性相关。相关系数为0.911;CODMn平均去除率为6.5%。中试装置在温度10.6℃条件下，重启动需要4d，即对污染物有较好的去除效果；由于填料的完全流化，池体内溶解氧传质效率高，出水接近饱和溶解氧；进出水浊度变化不大。填料和池体本身不会积泥，不需反冲洗。     

酶/酸水解毛叶木姜子中键合态香味成分的比较

采用AmberliteXAD-2树脂吸附洗脱分离毛叶木姜子中的键合态香气物质前体,将分离得到的键合态香气物质前体在AR2000酶、果胶酶和酸3种条件下分别进行水解释放,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对水解后的键合态香气物质进行分离分析。结果表明:3种水解条件得到的键合态香气物质共有90种,主要为萜烯类和含氧萜类物质。其中,香叶醇在2种酶水解条件下均含量高,果胶酶水解条件下含量最高达21798.79μg/L;共34种香气物质具有明显香气特征,2种酶水解下最显著的香气特征为花香和甜香;酸水解条件下最显著的香气特征为花香。酶水解与酸水解条件下得到的键合态香气物质存在明显差异,果胶酶水解条件下所检出的香气物质种类多且含量较高。因此,果胶酶处理更有利于毛叶木姜子键合态香气成分的释放。     

NaOH预处理对植物纤维素酶解特性的影响

对NaOH预处理对植物纤维素酶解特性的影响进行了研究,利用红外光谱(IR)对处理前后物料组成变化进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,NaOH预处理对纤维素物料化学组成比例有很大影响;NaOH预处理后,物料中纤维素明显得到润胀,纤维素结晶指数降低,纤维素结晶区受到破坏,再经纤维素酶处理后,结晶指数有所增强;NaOH预处理是一种有效的植物纤维素原料预处理方法,经NaOH预处理后的物料更易于酶解。     

Degradation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates using a chelator‐mediated Fenton reaction

The involvement of catechol and hydroxamate chelators, along with hydrogen peroxide and Fe³⁺, in the degradation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates was examined with the purpose of improving our current knowledge of the non‐enzymatic mechanisms involved in wood biodegradation by fungi. It could be demonstrated that a catechol chelator‐mediated Fenton reaction not only clearly degraded hemicellulosic substrates but also significantly accelerated and increased the effectiveness of degradation reactions. On the other hand, when a hydroxamate chelator‐mediated Fenton reaction was used, an inhibitory effect was observed. When cellulosic substrates underwent a chelator‐mediated Fenton reaction, no significant difference in degradation was observed between catechol and hydroxamate chelator‐mediated reactions. However, a catechol‐mediated reaction did accelerate the degradation of cellulosic substrates at the beginning of reactions. In addition, it was observed that with a chelator‐mediated Fenton reaction, oxidation of cellulose proceeds depolymerization. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

预处理对催化剂性能的影响

优化催化剂的使用方法，能在一定程度上改善齐格勒－纳塔催化剂的活性和使用性能。不同的生产工艺结合其特点，采用不同的预处理方法，可以提高催化剂活性、改善产品的粒径分布。在工业生产中被普遍采用的方法是催化剂预络合、预聚以及单体预接触。介绍3种适合不同工艺的催化剂预处理方法，分析预处理对催化剂性能的影响及原因。     

离子液介质中生物催化与生物转化的研究进展

Ionic liquids have negligibly low vapor pressure, high stability and polarity. They are regarded as green solvents. Enzymes, especially lipases, as well as whole-cell of microbe, are catalytically active in ionic liquids or aqueous-ionic liquid biphasic systems. Up to date, there have been many reports on enzyme-exhibited features and enzyme-mediated reactions in ionic liquids. In many cases, remarkable results with respect to yield, catalytic activity, stability and (enantio-, regio-) selectivity were obtained in ionic liquids in comparison with those observed in conventional media. Accordingly, ionic liquids provide new possibilities for the application of new type of solvent in biocatalytic reactions.     

石墨粉末化学镀镍工艺研究

导电填料是构成高性能电磁波屏蔽材料和吸收材料的主要原材料。对石墨粉末化学镀镍提出采用含有浓硫酸和K2Cr2O7的溶液进行氧化、含有SnCl2的溶液进行敏化以及含有PdCl2的溶液进行活化的前处理工艺，在粒径为5～20μm的石墨粉末表面得到了均匀的高镍（wNi〉90％）低磷合金镀层，解决了石墨粉末化学镀镍难的问题。讨论了镀液中各组分含量、温度及搅拌速度对化学镀镍的影响。石墨粉末经该化学镀镍工艺处理后导电性及电磁屏蔽性能良好，是较好的电磁屏蔽用导电填料。     

亚麻粗纱煮漂工艺研究

亚麻粗纱优化煮漂工艺如下:(1)在100℃时,用3.5g/lNaOH碱煮30分钟;(2)在80℃时,在pH值为4.5,经30分钟完成亚漂;(3)在90℃时,pH为9的条件下处理20分钟完成氧漂;经煮漂的纱其纤维素含量提高了10.38%,果胶质、木质素、脂蜡等含量下降到了较好的水平,白度达到69.68%,大幅度改善了亚麻的纺织性能和服用性能。     

木质纤维原料预处理技术

木质纤维原料作为一种可转化为液体燃料的可再生资源,其转化利用已成为必然趋势,而木质纤维原料的预处理是利用木质生物资源生产乙醇的一个重要环节。文章阐述了木质纤维原料的常用预处理技术,并对其发展前景作了展望。