Volatile components and sensory properties of jujube wine as affected by material preprocessing

Fermented jujube wine, derived from the red jujube berry, has a unique flavor, a mild and sweet taste, and high nutritional value. Among diverse varieties of jujube, Bokjo and the native variety are the most frequently cultivated varieties in Korea. The present study aimed to determine the brewing properties of jujube and to compare the characteristics of fresh and dried fruits of the native and Bokjo varieties for optimal brewing conditions for jujube wine production. We investigated the physicochemical and sensory properties, and we compared the volatile compounds in jujube wine prepared using different methods, through solid-phase microextraction (SPME) GC/MS analysis. The physicochemical properties of jujube wine depended on the drying process rather than the cultivar or the presence of seeds. Sensory properties including aroma and sweetness, which have positive effects on jujube wines, were greater in the whole dried fruit group, while negative properties including grassy aroma, sourness, and bitter taste, were high in the fresh fruit group; these observations contrast their physicochemical properties, as analyzed using dried jujube with seeds. Significant differences were observed in volatile compounds among jujube wine samples. In particular, isoamyl octanoate, isoamyl decanoate, ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, and 2-phenethyl acetate potentially contribute to the jujube-like flavor of dried jujube wine. These results could be useful as basic data for raw material processing for jujube wine production.     

红枣番茄格瓦斯饮料的研制

目的以红枣汁、番茄汁作为研制格瓦斯饮料的原料,通过正交试验来确定红枣番茄格瓦斯饮料最佳生产工艺条件。方法设计单因素试验,探究其番茄果汁与红枣果汁添加量、果汁添加比例、果胶酶添加量、酶处理时间。在此基础上,通过L9(34)正交试验确定红枣番茄格瓦斯饮料的最佳配方。结果正交试验中,A(果汁添加量)影响最大,B(番茄汁:红枣汁)次之,C(酶添加量)、D(酶处理时间)影响最小,感官评分最高组合是A2B2C3D1。确定了红枣番茄格瓦斯饮料最佳生产工艺:果汁添加量15%,红枣汁:番茄汁=2:1(V:V),果胶酶添加量0.55%,酶处理时间7 h。结论制作的红枣番茄格瓦斯饮料风味独特、原料来源丰富、工艺简单,适合于广大消费者饮用的风味饮料。     

3种红枣组织结构与质构及其相关性研究

以新疆3个主栽红枣品种:骏枣、灰枣和哈密大枣为研究对象,对各个品种的组织结构和质构特性(整果穿刺测试)进行测定和分析,并结合感官质地进行评价。结果显示:灰枣的角质厚度(6.34μm)、表皮厚度(36.41μm)、表皮细胞(118.21μm~2)、近表皮空腔(9 160.98μm~2)、近表皮细胞(892.71μm~2)、中部细胞(2 766.68μm~2)均比骏枣和哈密大枣小。角质厚度、表皮厚度、近表皮空腔、中部细胞等指标与骏枣和哈密大枣差异显著,表皮细胞在3个品种间差异性不显著。灰枣的表皮穿刺强度(1 700.30 g)、果皮韧性(729.95g獉s)、果肉坚实度(1 132.20g)、果肉纤维指数(17.05)和果肉起始强度(1 450.43g)均最大,而果皮破裂距离最小。除果皮韧性和果肉起始强度外,表皮穿刺强度、果皮破裂距离、果肉平均坚实度和果肉纤维指数之间相互呈现显著差异。3个品种红枣部分组织结构和质构指标相关性存在一定的差异,其中表皮穿刺强度与果皮破裂距离和果皮韧性、果肉平均坚实度与果肉起始强度均呈现极显著正相关,结合感官质地评价3个品种红枣组织结构和质构特性与实际表现基本一致。     

真空冷冻干燥过程中鲜食枣营养品质的变化研究

本文研究了真空冷冻干燥过程中鲜食枣营养品质及抗氧化活性的变化规律,为实际生产加工产品选择合适的干燥时间提供理论依据。结果表明:冷冻干燥过程中,鲜食枣还原糖含量存在显著性差异,且干燥结束时显著升高(p0.05);冻干产品维生素C保留率高达99.58%;有机酸是产品中重要的风味营养物质,其中,草酸、柠檬酸含量在冻干过程中均存在显著性差异(p0.05),且在干燥结束时,草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸含量分别是鲜样的1.64倍、1.32倍、3.83倍;冻干过程鲜食枣ABTS+·清除能力、抗氧化力均存在显著性差异(p0.05),且冻干后ABTS+·清除能力提高6.91%,抗氧化力保留率达92.01%。由此可见,冻干过程中冻干时间对营养物质含量及活性有重要影响。冻干6~9 h有利于保持贮藏的水分和较高的营养品质,同时有助于降低能耗,并保持其功能价值。     

超声处理对中短波红外干燥红枣时间及品质的影响

为提高红枣干燥品质,减少干燥时间,以干燥时间为响应值,响应面优化得到红枣中短波红外干燥前超声处理条件为：频率40 kHz、时间40 min、功率350 W。最优超声处理后中短波红外干燥红枣至其干基含水率约为40%时所需干燥时间为9.55 h;未超声处理中短波红外干燥需13.33 h;传统热风干燥需17.13 h。扫描电镜观察红枣果皮,超声处理40 min使果皮表面产生大量裂缝,表皮层变薄,仅38.8 μm,表皮层和亚表皮层易分离,利于干燥过程中水分扩散,显著缩短中短波红外干燥时间。红枣超声处理后中短波红外干燥的干制品品质显著优于未超声处理红外干燥,极显著优于传统热风干燥。最优超声处理条件结合中短波红外干燥,所得干制品在3 种处理方式中总VC、总酚、总黄酮含量最高,糖酸比最高,色泽最优,能耗最少,是适合红枣干燥的技术方法。     

履带式大枣自动去核机

为提高大枣去核的自动化程度和生产效率,对大枣去核的关键因素进行了研究,从上料、给料、扶正、定位、夹紧、冲核、落料等工艺过程出发,用三维CAD软件设计了履带式大枣自动去核机。该机采用电磁振动供料器进行自动给料,转盘式上料器自动上料。用链条输送到冲核工位,楔形扶正模在上模的作用下。完成自动轴线定位和夹紧,由冲针下行将枣核冲下,随后冲针、上模上行返回,靠弹力分开下模,松开枣肉,当链条转到下料部位时,完成落料。并为大枣去核加工自动化中的传动设计、定位夹具设计等技术难题提出了可行的解决方案。     

微波辅助提取红枣红色素及其稳定性的研究

研究微波辅助提取、超声波辅助提取以及常规提取对红枣红色素提取率的影响.结果表明,与常规提取法相比,超声波辅助提取法对改善红枣色素提取率的效果不显著,而微波辅助提取法能明显提高红枣色素的提取率.通过正交试验确定微波辅助提取红枣色素的最佳工艺,即料液比为1:30,提取功率为420W,提取时间为20 min.研究温度、光照、酸碱度、食盐对红枣红色素稳定性的影响,结果表明红枣色素是一种稳定性比较好的天然色素.     

Effect of nano-packing on preservation quality of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis (Bunge) Rehd)

The effect of a novel nano-packing material on preservation quality of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis (Bunge) Rehd) during room temperature storage was investigated. The nano-packing material with lower relative humidity, oxygen transmission rate and high longitudinal strength (2.05 g/m² 24 h, 12.56 cm³/m² 24 h 0.1 MPa and 40.16 MPa, respectively) was synthesized by blending polyethylene with nano-powder (nano-Ag, kaolin, anatase TiO₂, rutile TiO₂). The results showed that the nano-packing material had a quite beneficial effect on physicochemical and sensory quality compared with normal packing material. After 12-day storage, fruit softening, weight loss, browning and climatic evolution of nano-packing were significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, the contents of titrable acid and ascorbic acid were decreased to 0.21%, 251 mg/100 g, for nano-packing and 0.15%, 198 mg/100 g, for normal packing; The contents of total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, total soluble solids and malondialdehyde were increased to 28.4%, 5.2%, 19.5% and 98.9 μmol/g for nano-packing and 30.0%, 6.3%, 23.1% and 149 μmol/g for normal packing. Therefore, the nano-packing could be applied for preservation of Chinese jujube to expand its shelf life and improve preservation quality.     

壳聚糖及UV-C处理对冬枣贮藏品质的影响

采用采前壳聚糖喷施、采后短波紫外线照射处理冬枣并低温贮藏,以提高冬枣抗病性,延长保鲜期。对冬枣果实着色、发病情况和品质特性进行分析研究。结果表明：0.5～1kJ/m2 UV-C 照射、壳聚糖处理明显促进了果实的着色,降低了发病率和发病指数,推迟发病3～6d;0.5～1kJ/m2 UV-C 处理可保持枣果较高的糖、酸和VC含量,品质提高,壳聚糖处理对枣果贮藏品质的影响不明显。     

不同干燥方式对枣粉品质的影响

通过对变温压差膨化干燥、真空干燥、热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥4 种干燥方式所得枣粉的物理特性和营养成分的分析测定,研究不同干燥方式对枣粉品质的影响。结果表明：在物理特性方面：真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥枣粉呈现较好色泽,真空冷冻干燥枣粉溶解性差于其他3 种枣粉,吸湿性无明显差异,变温压差膨化干燥和热风干燥枣粉复水性较好,真空冷冻干燥枣粉的粒径和堆积密度最小;在营养成分方面：4 种枣粉的营养成分较鲜样均有不同程度的降低,变温压差膨化干燥和真空冷冻干燥枣粉的还原糖和总糖含量相对较高,真空干燥枣粉总酸含量最高,真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥枣粉的VC和黄酮含量较高,真空冷冻干燥和变温压差膨化干燥枣粉的环磷酸腺苷含量稍高于其他两种。枣粉的综合评分结果显示,真空冷冻干燥枣粉品质最佳,其次是真空干燥枣粉和变温压差膨化干燥枣粉,热风干燥枣粉品质最差。真空冷冻干燥和真空干燥生产成本高,变温压差膨化干燥枣粉品质较好,且所需干燥时间短,生产效率高、成本低,适宜在枣粉加工产业推广。