Sparkle measurement revisited: A closer look at the details

Four years after introduction of the first instrument for measurement of sparkle, the foundations have been reconsidered, and the pool of practical experience has been analyzed to provide a more detailed and complete picture of the subject matter. The following aspects are introduced and discussed: observation conditions and resulting requirements for imaging (sampling) and filtering, analysis of spatial periods and frequencies as a basis for filtering, spatial filtering concepts, sparkle in the frequency domain, sparkle evaluation based on analysis of single images and difference images, origins of unwanted sparkle components, scaling and offset in sparkle evaluation, and verification of the method.     

Immersion and Invariance Based Robust Adaptive Control of High‐Speed Train with Guaranteed Prescribed Performance Bounds

This paper proposes a novel robust adaptive algorithm for train tracking control with guaranteed prescribed transient and steady‐state performance. As speed increases, the inherent time‐varying uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics in the longitudinal dynamics of a high‐speed train seriously impacts the tracking performance of automatic train operation. To improve train operation performance, an estimator based on immersion and invariance technology is developed to recover the unknown and time‐varying plant parameters, and it renders the estimation error converging to a bounded residual set exponentially while providing more freedom for the controller. After certain error transformation, the prescribed tracking performance is introduced into the controller design. Then, an input‐to‐stable stable controller is developed through the backstepping technique, and it is proven that stabilization of the transformed system is sufficient to guarantee the prescribed performance. Rigorous theoretical analysis for the presented algorithm is provided, and a series of simulation studies also are given to verify the effectiveness of it.     

Stochastic stability and robust stabilization of semi‐Markov jump linear systems

The semi‐Markov jump linear system (S‐MJLS) is more general than the Markov jump linear system (MJLS) in modeling some practical systems. Unlike the constant transition rates in the MJLS, the transition rates of the S‐MJLS are time varying. This paper focuses on the robust stochastic stability condition and the robust control design problem for the S‐MJLS with norm‐bounded uncertainties. The infinitesimal generator for the constructed Lyapunov function is first derived. Numerically solvable sufficient conditions for the stochastic stability of S‐MJLSs are then established in terms of linear matrix inequalities. To reduce the conservativeness of the stability conditions, we propose to incorporate the upper and lower bounds of the transition rate and meanwhile apply a new partition scheme. The robust state feedback controller is accordingly developed. Simulation studies and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantized H∞ Control for Networked Systems with Communication Constraints

The problem of quantized H_∞ control for networked control systems (NCSs) subject to time‐varying delay and multiple packet dropouts is investigated in this paper. Both the control input and the measurement output signals are quantized before being transmitted and the quantized errors are described as sector bound uncertainties. The measurement channel and the control channel packet dropouts are considered simultaneously, and the stochastic variables satisfying Bernoulli random binary distribution are utilized to model the random multiple packet dropouts. Sufficient conditions for the existence of an observer‐based controller are established to ensure the exponential mean‐square stablility of the closed‐loop system and achieve the optimal H_∞ disturbance attenuation level. By using a globally convergent algorithm involving convex optimization, the nonconvex feasibility can be solved successfully. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.     

小波变换在图像照度不均校正中的应用

数字图像中照度不均匀影响了图像分割的质量,本文研究图像照度不均匀的校正。讨论几种现有数字图像照度不均匀的校正技术,分析这些方法在计算误差上面的原因及缺点,在此基础上提出基于小波变换的数字图像照度不均匀校正技术。小波变换兼顾了空域和频域,对光照不均匀数字图像做校正,这对后期图像分割非常重要。图像对比实验表明,该方法与其他方法相比较,具有速度快,所得图像区分度高、背景噪声小的特点。     

基于GPU的非结构化网格数据体光照计算与实现方法

光照在提高体绘制质量方面发挥重要作用,而梯度计算是实现体光照的关键.与结构化网格相比,非结构化网格拓扑关系复杂,使得顶点梯度估计困难,采样点梯度计算复杂度高,且不易采用GPU加速,阻碍了算法的实时性.因此,绝大多数非结构化网格体绘制尚未添加体光照.本文提出一种高精度的非结构化网格顶点梯度计算方法:先采用格林公式估计单元...     

采用曲面设计的LED前照灯建模及配光分析

LED作为汽车前照灯的光源在节能和效率上具有优势,本文研究了使用半导体LED光源前照灯的反射镜曲面的设计方法,并进行了配光验证分析。根据前照灯近光配光标准、LED光源特点和反射镜曲面设计,作者建立了新颖的LED前照灯的设计模型,包括LED光源模拟、反射器曲面设计、透镜设计单元和配光分析。作者提出不规则三维曲面作为反射镜的方法,并实现了LED前照灯的照明计算仿真。文章最后分析了实验结果,并指出LED前照灯的前景和未来大功率LED汽车前照灯发展的关键技术。     

Interference Shaders of Thin Films

This paper presents a systematic study of light interferences at single thin films. Based on Fresnel's law, we have derived generic expressions of reflectance and transmittance for film interference, as well as specific expressions for free thin films and films coated on transparent or opaque objects. By combining film interference and volume absorption, we have obtained the reflectances and transmittances of film‐coated thin objects such as ribbons. Illumination models for all interference cases of single thin films are presented, and they have been implemented and tested for various structures and materials.     

基于高程图的光学成像模型

从成像模型出发,利用光照模型和大气模型,研究时间、地理位置与太阳位置之间的关系,以及不同气候条件下日照与太阳位置之间的关系。根据气候、地理位置、时间确定景象表面的日照(它等于太阳光照和天空光照的表示),在已知高程图、视点和参考地图的条件下,能够较逼真地模拟产生不同气候条件及不同时间下的数字地面光学图像。     

直接体绘制技术研究

直接体绘制技术是可视化研究领域的一个重要分支,是目前最活跃的可视化技术之一。该文首先介绍了体绘制技术的原理,分析其实现的关键技术及算法。然后介绍了可视化工具VTK,及其对光线投射算法的实现过程。