316L不锈钢non-Masing特性分析和疲劳寿命预测

对316L不锈钢在不同应变范围下分别进行了293 K和873 K试验温度下的低周疲劳试验，讨论了材料循环特性的幅值相关性和温度相关性，比较了不同条件下non-Masing特性，并利用能量方法进行了低周疲劳寿命预测。实验结果表明, 在不同条件下，循环初期会出现不同程度的循环硬化现象，随后会出现循环软化、饱和直至材料失效；与873 K 试验条件相比，材料在293 K温度下的non-Masing特性更为显著；在大应变范围下，两温度下材料的non-Masing特性更加明显。采用能量方法进行疲劳寿命预测时，预测结果均位于两倍分散带内，且基于non-Masing特性得到了比基于Masing特性更为精确的预测结果。在873 K温度和大应变范围下，显著的动态应变时效效应导致考虑non-Masing与Masing特性的预测结果相差不大。     

Effect of load reduction mechanisms on loads and blade bearing movements of wind turbines

The power control of wind turbines is usually realized via a change in the pitch angle of the rotor blades. Pitching facilitates the exact control of the turbines and the reliable deceleration of the rotor when required. Pitch movements can moreover be used for load control. One of these methods is called individual pitch control (IPC). IPC controls the blades individually and brings about a significant reduction in the fatigue loads and extreme loads placed on the structural components, while at the same time reducing the yield of the turbine only slightly. The lower loads reduce material costs, and thus, the cost of energy (CoE) is reduced, despite the slight reduction in yield. The method is nevertheless not used everywhere since the additional movement cycles put the rotor blade bearings in particular under stress. Special attention must be paid to small amplitude oscillating movements, which carry a high risk of inducing surface damage in the rolling contacts of the blade bearings. This paper uses a cycle analysis of the IWT7.5‐164 reference turbine to illustrate the differences in the movement patterns of wind turbine blade bearings with and without IPC. Moreover, model calculations with single contacts are used to show which of the movement patterns carries a risk of inducing surface damage. The use of IPC leads to the expected load reduction at the blade root. In current literature, IPC is usually assumed to have a negative influence on the life expectancy of blade bearings, but the findings of this study contradict this. The summed blade bearing movement is increased, although the number of very small pitch angles occurring is reduced. This reduction reduces the risk of wear in the blade bearings.     

高速列车转向架构架损伤、等效应力及寿命分布特性研究

为分析高速列车转向架构架损伤、等效应力及寿命分布特性，对构架疲劳关键测点进行动应力线路实测并对测点实测时域数据波形进行解析；基于实测应力时间历程及雨流计数法编制二维应力谱，利用Goodman等寿命方程将二维应力谱等效转换为一维应力谱；阐述线性累积损伤及非线性累积损伤模型的建立方法并对实测数据的线性累积损伤及非线性累积损伤进行了计算及对比分析；分别基于线性累积损伤理论及非线性累积损伤理论推导出各理论下的等效应力，基于实测数据对两种等效应力进行了计算及对比分析；通过结合非线性累积损伤及线性累积损伤理论计算的等效应力及不同可靠度下的材料S-N曲线计算并对比分析构架结构的疲劳寿命。研究结果表明，与非线性疲劳分析理论相比，线性疲劳分析理论对高速列车转向架构架的疲劳特性评估偏于保守。     

Fatigue damage study of cold metal transition fusion-brazed aluminium/steel dissimilar joints

ABSTRACT

An aluminium/steel CMT-welded joint is mainly composed of fusion zone (FZ), interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) zone, and heat-affected zone (HAZ). IMC and FZ are the weakest link in the welded joint. The fatigue fracture indicates that the lattice distortion caused by the lattice mismatch of Fe₂Al₅ and Fe is more likely to engender dislocation slipping and cracks easily nucleate during the fatigue testing. The hysteresis loop is shifted to the right, which indicating that the specimen experiences a ratcheting effect. In the high-stress condition, the cyclic hardening induced by the ratcheting strain is much stronger than that in the lower stress condition, which improves the fatigue life of the materials.     

一种镍基单晶高温合金高周疲劳引起的g′溶解行为研究

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金SRR99在不同温度下的高周疲劳行为,试样采用[001]取向的单晶试棒。结果表明条件疲劳强度随着试验温度的升高先上升后降低,具有与高温拉伸强度表现出相同的变化规律。通过扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜的观察发现g′相的形貌发生了显著变化,经过高温循环变形后g′析出相发生了溶解。在交变应力的作用下,g′与基体界面产生大量的位错,而位错的往复运动引起了g′相的溶解。因此循环加载过程中伴随着g′的不断溶解,共格界面的强化作用不断减弱。 除此之外,通过裂纹扩展方向与试样轴向的夹角可以判断出疲劳裂纹的扩展主要沿着(111)晶面进行,根据扫描电镜和透射电镜的观察结果对于循环加载的微观组织演化机理进行了讨论。     

微弧氧化Mg-3Al-1Zn镁合金应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳行为研究

本文主要对微弧氧化Mg-3Al-1Zn镁合金在空气和3.5 wt.%硫酸钠溶液两种环境下的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳行为进行研究，并讨论其相互关系。微弧氧化处理后，Mg-3Al-1Zn镁合金的耐蚀性能得到明显改善。与Mg-3Al-1Zn镁合金基体相比，在空气中，微弧氧化后合金的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳强度均下降了大约10 MPa。在3.5 wt.%硫酸钠溶液环境中，微弧氧化后合金的腐蚀疲劳性能仍然是恶化的，但是应力腐蚀强度却得到了显著改善，从58.24 MPa提高至202.08 MPa。这表明材料的力学性能（应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳）并不是与其腐蚀性能完全保持线性关系的。微弧氧化处理后镁合金在空气中的应力腐蚀断口为韧性断裂，在硫酸钠溶液环境中为解理断裂。而其腐蚀疲劳断口不论是在空气中还是在腐蚀环境中均为解理断裂。这主要是由于腐蚀环境和变换循环载荷的影响，两者共同作用将会加速裂纹扩展。这表明，周围环境和加载类型对材料断裂机理有重要影响。     

控锻控冷工艺对GCr15轴承钢力学性能的影响

探究不同控锻控冷热处理工艺对GCr15钢力学性能的影响,测试了它的回火稳定性、冲击性能、滚动接触疲劳寿命。结果表明,采用控锻控冷工艺可提高试样的抗回火稳定性,冲击性能提高50%以上,接触疲劳寿命提高40%以上。     

Multi-Scale Analysis of Fretting Fatigue in Heterogeneous Materials Using Computational Homogenization

This paper deals with modeling of the phenomenon of fretting fatigue in heterogeneous materials using the multi-scale computational homogenization technique and finite element analysis (FEA). The heterogeneous material for the specimens consists of a single hole model (25% void/cell, 16% void/cell and 10% void/cell) and a four-hole model (25% void/cell). Using a representative volume element (RVE), we try to produce the equivalent homogenized properties and work on a homogeneous specimen for the study of fretting fatigue. Next, the fretting fatigue contact problem is performed for 3 new cases of models that consist of a homogeneous and a heterogeneous part (single hole cell) in the contact area. The aim is to analyze the normal and shear stresses of these models and compare them with the results of the corresponding heterogeneous models based on the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) method. Finally, by comparing the computational time and % deviations, we draw conclusions about the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

氮含量对HPD-1双相不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察与力学性能测试研究了氮含量(0.08%~0.22％,质量分数)对HPD-1双相不锈钢硬度、拉伸性能、低温冲击性能及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,氮含量变化可显著影响试验钢γ/α相比例,当氮含量由0.08％升高到0.22％,γ相含量由38.1％提高至56.5％。α相的硬度由273 HV10提高到343 HV10,γ相的硬度由238 HV10提高到299 HV10,试验钢强度明显提升。氮元素对两相比例和奥氏体相韧性的双重影响导致试验钢低温冲击性能呈先上升后下降的趋势;更高的氮含量抑制疲劳裂纹萌生与拓展,是影响HPD-1双相不锈钢室温疲劳性能的主要因素。撕裂棱是疲劳断口的显著特征。     

某轻型载货车储气罐支架振动断裂分析与优化

为了有效解决某轻型载货车储气罐支架的断裂故障,首先基于建立的储气罐支架有限元模型进行振动特性分析,分析结果表明其前三阶固有频率接均处于发动机激励频率范围之外,不会产生共振。其次测试各种道路的时域载荷,测试结果表明其中角度搓板路的激励频率与储气罐支架第一阶固有频率相接近,从而引起共振,不满足振动特性要求。然后对其进行振动强度分析,分析结果表明其应力水平不达标,其最大应力点与开裂处一致。再对其进行振动疲劳寿命预测分析,分析结果表明其疲劳寿命也不达标,其危险点也与失效位置相同。再采用集成平台对储气罐支架的结构进行优化设计,优化之后其模态频率、振动强度和振动疲劳均符合性能要求,并且其重量也有所减轻,总体优化效果较佳。最后整车试验结果表明优化之后储气罐支架的振动大幅度降低,并且没有发生失效。