Fuzzy vulnerability mapping of urban groundwater systems to nitrate contamination

The aim of this study is to develop a new fuzzy optimization model to find the optimal factor weights of modified DRASTIC index for groundwater vulnerability mapping an urban aquifer to nitrate contamination. Eight factors including water table depth, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity, and land use are considered and rated. A fuzzy linear regression is formulated between the values of eight factors and corresponding nitrate concentration in groundwater. An optimization model based on real code genetic algorithm with objective of minimizing the sum of the fuzzy spread of the regression coefficients is implemented. Aquifer of Mashhad metropolis (northeast of Iran) is chosen to evaluate the proposed model. The results show the proposed model is a promising tool for weighting the factors with avoiding the subjectivity and also ambiguities accompanied by parameters to produce an accurate specific vulnerability mapping of an urban aquifer.     

罐车柴油污染物分离及鉴定

成品油在多个转移环节中容易被污染。针对某炼油厂被污染的罐车柴油，建立了罐车柴油污染物的分离及分析方法，并用多种分析手段对污染物进行了详细表征。结果表明，污染物为C20以上的羧酸钠盐，含有醇类及酯类；可通过过滤或蒸馏的方法除去污染物且对柴油组成无影响。     

热熔压敏卷材清除放射性污染粉尘的试验研究

为了实现介质表面放射性污染粉尘的快速去污,提出一种应用热熔压敏卷材清除表面污染粉尘的方法。通过对热熔压敏胶黏剂与卷材基布的筛选,设计和制备了一种热熔压敏去污卷材,分别采用过100目、20目标准筛的粉尘模拟核爆落下灰和放射性污染颗粒物,对热熔压敏去污卷材进行模拟去污试验。试验结果显示,所制备的热熔压敏卷材在140 ℃、施加25 kPa以上压强时,对不锈钢表面的模拟放射性污染粉尘和颗粒物的单次去污率均在80%以上,最高达到92.5%。验证了热熔压敏卷材对表面放射性污染粉尘的去污效果,可为工程应用提供参考。     

基于地下水污染风险模糊评价模型及其应用

基于地下水资源供给功能,选取地下水防污性能和污染荷载等级作为评价因子,引入模糊识别概念,构建了地下水污染风险模糊评价模型,并将该模型应用于天津市地下水污染风险中。评价结果表明,天津市地下水污染风险很高、较高、稍高、略高、略低的面积分别为454、3 678、4 831、2 619、59km2,污染风险很高区分布在市区南部近郊一带、污染风险较高区分布在市区北部郊区、津南、塘沽南部、大港南部、静海东部和宝坻北部,与当地实际情况相吻合,可见所提模型可行、有效。     

微生物法修复铀污染环境研究进展

随着我国核工业的快速发展，铀资源的开采量不断增加，由此带来铀尾矿的大量堆积，导致铀及其化合物在周围生态环境中的含量迅速增加，对环境造成污染。因此，如何安全、高效治理铀污染环境，已成为亟需解决的环境科学与工程问题。传统针对铀污染环境的修复技术多采用物理、化学等方法，但这些修复技术具有成本高、易造成环境二次污染的局限性，而微生物修复技术的出现，可为铀污染环境的修复提供一种绿色、经济、稳定及可持续的修复方法。首先介绍了铀在环境中的危害，详细阐述了铀污染环境微生物修复技术的机制，并分析了其修复铀污染环境的影响因素，最后指出了铀污染环境微生物修复技术目前存在的问题，并对其进行了展望。     

Short communication: Passive shedding of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in commercial dairy goats in Brazil

Goat farming is a low-cost alternative to dairy production in developing countries. In Brazil, goat production has increased in recent years due in part to the implementation of programs encouraging this activity. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease that causes chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants, but MAP transmission dynamics are still poorly understood in goats. In a previously published study of our research group, 10 dairy goat farms (467 animals) from Minas Gerais state were analyzed for MAP detection; 2 fecal cultures and 11 milk samples tested positive for MAP by conventional PCR and were confirmed by sequencing. Because no clinical signs were observed over 1 yr of monitoring, we hypothesized that these MAP-positive goats could be passive shedders. Thus, in the present study, 4 positive goats (4/13) from the previous study were purchased and feces and milk samples were collected for evaluation (twice, with an interval of 3 mo between tests) by culture of MAP, IS900 PCR, or both. All analyses were negative for MAP. At the last time point, blood samples were collected for ELISA, the animals were killed, and tissues collected for tissue culture and histopathology. At necropsy, no macroscopic lesions related to paratuberculosis were observed. Similarly, no histological changes were observed and MAP in samples stained by Ziehl–Neelsen was not detected. These animals were characterized as potential passive shedders with upward contamination of the teat canal by MAP. This is the first report of the passive shedding phenomenon in goats in Brazil and it highlights the importance of identifying these animals for control programs and to ensure the quality of dairy products.     

Development of the Analysis of Fecal Stanols in the Oyster Crassostrea gigas and Identification of Fecal Contamination in Shellfish Harvesting Areas

The objective of this work was to study the effects of washing and purification steps on qualitative and quantitative analysis of fecal stanols in the oyster Crassostrea gigas using either single or a combination of lipid purification steps on silica gel or aminopropyl bonded silica gel (NH₂) or a washing step. Among the three analytical pathways compared, the two including water extraction or NH₂ purification did not lead to higher recoveries and decreased repeatabilities of extractions compared to the single purification on silica gel. This latter led to similar recoveries (ca. 80 %) and repeatabilities (ca. 10 %) for both spiked standards (coprostanol and sitostanol). This analytical pathway has been applied to oysters collected in a harvesting area in Brittany (France) where fecal contaminations are important and allowed to quantify eight stanols in oysters. The relative proportions of fecal stanols of these oysters were combined with principal component analysis in order to investigate the usefulness of their stanol fingerprints to record a fecal contamination and to distinguish its source between human, porcine and bovine contaminations. Oysters non-fecally contaminated by Escherichia coli did not present specific stanol fingerprints while oysters fecally contaminated had a bovine fingerprint, suggesting a contamination of these samples by bovine sources. As a consequence, the method developed here allows the use of stanol fingerprints of oysters as a microbial source tracking tool that can be applied to shellfish harvesting areas subjected to fecal contaminations in order to identify the different sources of contamination and improve watershed management.     

喷气燃料中微生物污染危害研究概述

喷气燃料中存在大量不同种类的微生物,在适宜的环境条件下,存在微生物污染的可能性。微生物污染能够引起燃油过滤器阻塞,导致腐蚀,增加飞机、储罐的维修成本。随着飞机中各种设备仪器精密程度的不断提高,飞机对于喷气燃料质量的要求越来越高,喷气燃料中微生物污染对于飞机飞行安全的影响也越来越重要。由于喷气燃料中不可避免的会存在一定数量的微生物,了解微生物来源、明白其危害,降低其污染程度的研究显得尤为重要。介绍了微生物的来源,论证了其大量生长繁殖的可能性,并从微生物污染对喷气燃料性质的影响来说明了其危害性,最后简单介绍了喷气燃料微生物污染的防治措施,希望能够引起油料工作者的重视。     

Monitoring generic Escherichia coli in reclaimed and surface water used in hydroponically cultivated greenhouse peppers and the influence of fertilizer solutions

Systematic monitoring of indicator microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, can help to identify potential risk factors for faecal contamination in the agricultural environment. In this study, levels of E. coli in irrigation water (both reclaimed and surface water), water sprayed in humidifiers to regulate ambient humidity, and pepper fruits were assessed in a commercial greenhouse of hydroponically cultivated crops. Additionally, the role of fertilizer solutions as a potential vector of contamination was investigated. Lab-scale studies were also performed to evaluate the influence of fertilizer solutions on the growth/survival of E. coli in irrigation water. As expected, higher levels of E. coli were detected in reclaimed water compared with surface water. No link between E. coli prevalence in irrigation water and presence in fruit could be established. Regarding the fertilizer solutions, E. coli was detected more frequently and in higher levels in the fertilizer solution richer in micronutrients. Low concentrations of E. coli were also present in pulverized water sprayed inside the greenhouse to control humidity. In lab-scale experiments, E. coli showed potential for surviving but not for growing in most fertilizer solutions and irrigation water. Fertilizer solution of HNO₃, was the only solution in which no E. coli were able to survive in the irrigation head and a rapid inactivation was observed in lab-scale tests. These results suggest that there is a low risk of contamination in this agricultural system despite the combination of higher risk irrigation water sources (reclaimed and surface water) and the hydroponic growing system. Nevertheless, special care should be taken regarding the microbiological quality of the agricultural solutions in direct contact with the edible parts of the crop.     

油介质下高速轮轨低黏着特性和撒砂试验研究

在车轮-钢轨高速滚动接触疲劳试验机上进行油介质下高速轮轨低黏着特性和增黏试验,研究油介质条件下不同速度、蠕滑率、轴质量以及撒砂对黏着系数的影响,最高试验线速度200 km/h。结果表明:黏着系数随蠕滑率的增加先增大、再微降随后趋于平稳,在蠕滑率3%左右达到最大;随着速度的增加,黏着系数呈快速下降趋势,如速度从50 km/h增加至200 km/h时,最大黏着系数从0.092下降至0.049;当轴质量由12 t增至16 t时,黏着系数仅略微增加了0.01;撒砂后,黏着系数约为未撒砂时的3倍左右,且依然随速度增加而降低;撒砂会使得试验后轮轨表面产生很多麻坑,从而增大了表面粗糙度,对增黏起到了一定作用,但增黏砂会对接触表面造成显著损伤,在极端条件下会促进滚动接触疲劳的萌生,威胁运行安全。