镍基高温合金GH4282的凝固和偏析行为

采用差示扫描量热（DSC）分析、显微组织观察和热力学计算相结合的方法对镍基高温合金GH4282的凝固过程和元素偏析行为进行研究,得到了合金的凝固顺序以及元素偏析特征。结果表明,GH4282合金的凝固顺序为：γ基体、MC碳化物以及少量的硼化物。由DSC测得的合金GH4282合金的固-液相温度范围为1316~1367 ℃,MC、M6C型碳化物和γ′相的溶解温度分别为1338 ℃、1092 ℃和1003 ℃。热力学计算结果表明,GH4282合金在凝固过程C、B、Ti和Mo偏聚于枝晶间,Al偏析于枝晶干,Cr、Fe和Co几乎不发生偏析,这与铸态组织观察到的元素偏析特征是一致的。     

Characterization and analysis about the heterogeneity of inclusions in a 500kg steel ball

The distribution and transfer mechanism of MnS inclusions are distinguished from the solute segregation in a 500 kg steel ball. The increase of MnS inclusions is obvious from the surface to the center of the steel ball, while the increase of solute content is slight. The massive MnS inclusions converge in the channel zone and in heterogeneous zones. During solidification, the interface tension drives MnS inclusions to the frontier of the dendritic zone. Some inclusions trapped may float to induce the channel zone. Solidification contraction tears such channel zone to attract more melt enriched with inclusions. Some inclusions converge in the extra-dendritic melt. At later solidification stage, solidification contraction dominates the macro-distribution of extra-dendritic melt to produce the heterogeneous zones.     

传热过程对多晶硅真空定向凝固过程的凝固界面及热应力的影响

以实验室10 t/a VODS型多晶炉为原型,对其凝固过程的热场、固液界面和热应力进行了瞬态模拟与实验验证。结果表明:在坩埚底部有水冷热交换块的真空定向凝固系统中硅料凝固会产生较大的热应力,增加环形保温结构使热区封闭后可改变炉内换热过程,从而改变硅料凝固情况;硅料在坩埚底部为石墨热交换块的系统中凝固时产生的热应力相对较小,但固液界面的形状会发生较大的改变,影响晶粒的生长。炉膛内径适当变宽有利于炉内热区温度分布更合理,使得硅料凝固时的固液界面更加理想。通过实验验证了多晶硅在坩埚底部无需进行水冷换热情况下进行真空定向凝固能达到冶金法生产太阳能级多晶硅的要求,这为提高冶金法制备太阳能级多晶硅质量、降低系统能耗具有一定的指导意义。     

Production methods and properties of engineering glassy alloys and composites

Since the first synthesis of glassy alloys in 1960, a great large number of studies have been carried out in basic science and technological aspects. At present, glassy alloys and composites have been used as functional and structural materials. The production method for their practical materials was limited to a quenching type technique for many years before around 1990, but the finding of bulk glassy alloys caused a drastic change in production method of glassy alloys to a copper mold casting type technique which has enabled the production of glassy alloys in a three dimensional bulk form. Furthermore, glass alloy composites produced by semi-solid progressive solidification have been successfully developed recently, even using impure charge materials. The drastic changes in the production method and material form have also resulted in significant extension of application fields of glassy alloys. This paper aims to review the production methods and properties of glassy alloys and composites with useful critical sizes above 100 μm or below 4 μm in thickness for glassy powder in conjunction with the present situation of applications for their glassy alloys and composites which do not belong to materials with an ordinary thickness size range of 10–50 μm.     

Ti-5.8Al-4.8Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.35Si-0.70Nd合金中富钕稀土相研究

针对Ti-5.8Al-4.8Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.35Si-0.70Nd粉末冶金高温钛合金中富钕稀土相的形成、尺寸、分布、形态、长大及结构特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:快速凝固态高温钛合金粉末中稀土相为液态析出相,其尺寸大部分在50~250 nm之间,弥散分布在基体中;晶内稀土相多为球状,晶界稀土相多为椭球状,其长轴平行于晶界;TEM观察到的稀土相的尺寸和分布与理论计算相符合;快速凝固高温钛合金粉末经过700~1000℃/110 MPa/0.5 h热等静压成形后,快速凝固过程中已析出的稀土相尺寸变化不大;同时细小的稀土相从过饱和的基体中大量固相析出;经过1200℃/140 MPa/3 h热等静压成形后,稀土相颗粒尺寸大部分在150~500 nm之间,有明显长大;稀土相的高分辨图像及同心衍射环花样表明,快速凝固高温钛合金粉末中的稀土相由5~10 nm的纳米晶组成,经过1200℃热等静压成形处理后的稀土相仍由纳米晶组成,而且纳米晶的尺寸没有明显变化;但是稀土相的"基体"上明显出现富Sn元素的"第二相"颗粒,结构变得复杂。     

磷渣基地聚物材料固化砷钙渣的机理

以砷含量为7.63%的砷钙渣为研究对象,利用磷渣基地聚物材料对其进行固化处理,并采用毒性浸出实验考察了砷钙渣及固化体砷毒性浸出特性。结果表明:砷钙渣中砷的毒性浸出浓度可达2 450 mg/L,远超过国家毒性浸出鉴别标准限值(5 mg/L)。考察了不同养护时间、不同p H值(1~12)浸取剂环境下固化体中砷的浸出规律。结果表明:在p H=4~8范围内,砷浸出浓度较小;在酸性(p H4)和碱性(p H8)条件下砷浸出相对较大,但均小于5 mg/L。并考察了固化体中砷形态变化规律,揭示其固化机理。当养护时间为28 d时,固化体中As(Ⅲ)含量由96.3%降至28.8%,其后随着养护时间的变化固化体中As(Ⅲ)含量呈缓慢降低趋势,180 d As(Ⅲ)含量为12.6%,240 d As(Ⅲ)含量为10.8%。磷渣基地聚物固化砷钙渣机理为:磷渣基地聚物材料水化环境和所含的铁氧化物可使高毒性及强迁移性As(Ⅲ)向相对稳定的As(Ⅴ)转化;随时间的变化,磷渣基地聚物材料不断水化,并提供游离Ca2+、Al3+离子,使砷化合物经沉淀反应生成Al-As-O、Ca-As-O难溶性盐,进而降低砷浸出浓度。     

盾构渣土基免烧免蒸陶粒固化重金属离子研究

随着城市轨道交通建设不断扩大,盾构渣土中的重金属离子浸出会造成水体污染。以盾构渣土为主要原材料,在室温下成功制得了不开裂且有一定强度的免蒸免烧陶粒。将该陶粒和纯土样进行重金属离子浸出实验,发现陶粒中5种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Cd)离子最大浸出量约为纯土样的50.0%。该方法制备的盾构渣土基陶粒较好的固化了重金属离子,可有效保障城市水质免受盾构渣土的污染。     

重金属污染河道底泥固化/稳定化研究进展

固化/稳定化技术是处理重金属污染底泥的相当有效的方法,其机理主要是通过沉淀、吸附和络合作用将重金属污染物转化为更加稳定的形态。文章在总结国内外固化/稳定化技术的基础上,简单介绍了固化/稳定化的评估方法。按固化/稳定化药剂的不同,讨论分析了水泥固化、磷酸盐稳定化、无机物混合稳定化和有机物稳定化四种方法,通过对研究成果的总结,探讨了重金属污染河道底泥固化/稳定化处理技术的发展趋势。     

氦冷却法制备氮浆中液滴凝固过程的模拟与分析

采用氦冷却法制备氮浆的工艺所制氮浆颗粒尺寸均匀,制备过程中杜瓦内可维持正压,从而防止周围空气的漏入。通过对氦冷却法制备氮浆过程中液滴凝固时固氮颗粒的形成过程进行分析,建立起相应的物理模型以及微分方程,并对微分方程进行数值求解。着重考察了液滴的凝固过程,并对液滴群完全凝固时的氦气温度、压力、流速以及扩散腔长度进行了研究,进而探讨了采用该方法制备氮浆时氦气工作参数、喷管尺寸以及扩散腔长度等的选择问题。     

Effect of mold oscillation on the metallurgical characterization and mechanical properties of A319 aluminum alloy casting

Effect of mold oscillation on metallurgical characterization and mechanical properties of the A319 alloy was investigated. Experimental results show that the microstructure of A319 alloy was significantly refined regarding α-Al grain refinement along with improved silicon particle morphology due to mold oscillations. Mechanical properties of casting such as tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and micro-hardness improved by 39.05, 28.05%, 2.67 times and 27.02% respectively as compared to that of stationary casting. This investigation is an attempt to study the effect of mold frequency on mechanical and metallurgical properties of aluminum alloys.