Genetic evaluation of dairy cattle using a simple heritable genetic ground

The evaluation of an animal is based on production records, adjusted for environmental effects, which gives a reliable estimation of its breeding value. Highly reliable daughter yield deviations are used as inputs for genetic marker evaluation. Genetic variability is explained by particular loci and background polygenes, both of which are described by the genomic breeding value selection index. Automated genotyping enables the determination of many single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and can increase the reliability of evaluation of young animals (from 0.30 if only the pedigree value is used to 0.60 when the genomic breeding value is applied). However, the introduction of SNPs requires a mixed model with a large number of regressors, in turn requiring new algorithms for the best linear unbiased prediction and BayesB. Here, we discuss a method that uses a genomic relationship matrix to estimate the genomic breeding value of animals directly, without regressors. A one‐step procedure evaluates both genotyped and ungenotyped animals at the same time, and produces one common ranking of all animals in a whole population. An augmented pedigree–genomic relationship matrix and the removal of prerequisites produce more accurate evaluations of all connected animals. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Towards High‐Performance Bioinspired Composites

Biological composites have evolved elaborate hierarchical structures to achieve outstanding mechanical properties using weak but readily available building blocks. Combining the underlying design principles of such biological materials with the rich chemistry accessible in synthetic systems may enable the creation of artificial composites with unprecedented properties and functionalities. This bioinspired approach requires identification, understanding, and quantification of natural design principles and their replication in synthetic materials, taking into account the intrinsic properties of the stronger artificial building blocks and the boundary conditions of engineering applications. In this progress report, the scientific and technological questions that have to be addressed to achieve this goal are highlighted, and examples of recent research efforts to tackle them are presented. These include the local characterization of the heterogeneous architecture of biological materials, the investigation of structure–function relationships to help unveil natural design principles, and the development of synthetic processing routes that can potentially be used to implement some of these principles in synthetic materials. The importance of replicating the design principles of biological materials rather than their structure per se is highlighted, and possible directions for further progress in this fascinating, interdisciplinary field are discussed.     

Studies on FRP-concrete interface with hardening and softening bond-slip law

This latest experimental study proposes a theory that the bond-slip law for a FRP-concrete interface contains linear hardening and exponential softening. On the basis of this law, the paper studies the mechanic behavior and debonding process of a FRP-concrete interface. Firstly, through nonlinear fracture mechanics, the analytical solutions of the interface shear stress, the axial normal stress of FRP and the load–displacement relationship at the loaded end with the single shear test model of FRP-concrete are acquired. The shear stress propagation as well as the debonding process of the whole interface for different bond lengths could be predicted. Secondly, a simplified interface bond-slip law is used by changing the exponential softening law into a linear softening law. In addition, the analytical solutions for the simplified interface bond-slip law could also be obtained. Finally, based on the analytical solutions of the two bond-slip laws, the influences of the FRP bond length and stiffness on load–displacement curve and the ultimate load, as well as stiffness on effective bond length were discussed, with the similarities and differences between the two bond-slip laws also being studied.     

Grain boundary transformation character in Fe-N austenite

The morphology and crystallography of the isothermal transformation of Fe-N austenite at 225 °C were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electronic microscope. Fe-N austenite was produced by through-nitriding thin pure iron sheets at 640 °C. Lath-shaped and periodically distributed (γ-austenite + γ′-Fe₄N + α-Fe) microstructures formed at the prior austenite grain boundaries, this kind of microstructure was shown to be bainite in nature and kept a Greninge-Troiano orientation relationship between the γ-austenite (γ´-Fe₄N) and α-ferrite. The formation mechanism of the grain boundary microstructure was shown to be the preferential precipitation of the proeutectoid γ′-Fe₄N at the grain boundary, followed by the transformation of the N-depleted austenite into α-ferrite and γ′-Fe₄N, thus forming a periodic γ-γ′-α-γ′-γ-γ′-α-γ′-γ-γ′ arrangement.     

工程机械出口行业客户关系管理数据仓库建模研究

以工程机械行业的客户关系管理系统建设为背景,围绕客户价值分析主题构建数据仓库维度模型．对客户关系管理数据仓库维度建模过程中的需求分析、高级维度模型设计、详细维度模型开发、维度模型评审和确认4个阶段进行了相应的规定描述,形成可供ETL、数据挖掘、联机在线分析等使用的数据仓库维度模型构建方案．     

PEEK树脂PVT特性与加工性能的关系

基于毛细管流变仪对PEEK树脂PVT特性的测试重要性及应用进行了阐述。对比分析了两种不同工艺合成的PEEK工艺上的差别,对两种不同工艺合成的PEEK分别进行了等压模式和等温模式PVT测试,发现在加工过程中,压力对VisPEEK材料性能影响较大。     

Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe-0.1B钛合金的热压缩行为(英文)

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对低成本钛合金Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe-0.1B的热压缩行为进行研究。采用的应变速率分别为0.01、0.1、1.0和10s1,选用的温度分别为800、850、900和950°C,试样的变形量最大为70%。结果表明:峰值流变应力随着温度的增加和应变速率的降低而降低;根据Arrhenius公式获得该合金在本实验条件下的本构方程为ε=6.1×1012[sinh(0.0113044σ)]3.35×exp(-261719.8/RT),并得到了该合金的加工图。当应变速率大于等于1.0s1时,合金内发生动态再结晶现象,且应变速率越大动态再结晶现象越明显。     

基于模糊综合评判的机床设备选型研究

针对影响CAPP系统机床设备选型的多因素及其模糊性,提出在层次分析法的基础上采用模糊综合评判,构建系统机床设备选型的模糊评判模型。通过对影响机床选型因素的综合分析,建立各因素之间的模糊关系,较好地解决了多因素的量化问题,确保了机床设备选型结果的唯一性。通过在原型系统上运行,采用该方法能较好解决机床设备选型问题,保证了CAPP系统运行的可靠性与实用性。     

阴离子表面活性剂亲水亲油平衡值的QSPR研究

采用分子电性距离矢量（MEDV）表征65个阴离子表面活性剂的分子结构,运用多元线性回归技术,同时采用逐步回归结合统计检测对模型变量进行筛选,建立了阴离子表面活性剂的亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）与MEDV的定量结构．性质关系（QSPR）模型。采用内外双重验证的办法深入分析和检验所得模型稳定性,建模计算值、留一法交互校验预测值和外部样本预测值的复相关系数僻）分别为0．971、0．956和0．958。结果表明：所建QSPR模烈有良好的稳定性和预测能力。该研究结果为预测表面活性剂的亲水亲油平衡值提供了理论依据。