Feeding behavior parameters and temporal patterns in mid-lactation Holstein cows across a range of residual feed intake values

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measurement of the difference between actual and predicted feed intake when adjusted for energy sinks; more efficient cows eat less than predicted (low RFI) and inefficient cows eat more than predicted (high RFI). Data evaluating the relationship between RFI and feeding behaviors (FB) are limited in dairy cattle; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine daily and temporal FB in mid-lactation Holstein cows across a range of RFI values. Mid-lactation Holstein cows (n = 592 multiparous; 304 primiparous) were enrolled in 17 cohorts at 97 ± 26 d in milk (± standard deviation), and all cows within a cohort were fed a common diet using automated feeding bins. Cow RFI was calculated as the difference between predicted and observed dry matter intake (DMI) after accounting for parity, days in milk, milk energy, metabolic body weight and change, and experiment. The associations between RFI and FB at the level of meals and daily totals were evaluated using mixed models with the fixed effect of RFI and the random effects of cow and cohort. Daily temporal FB analyses were conducted using 2-h blocks and analyzed using mixed models with the fixed effects of RFI, time, RFI × time, and cohort, and the random effect of cow (cohort). There was a positive linear association between RFI and DMI in multiparous cows and a positive quadratic relationship in primiparous cows, where the rate of increase in DMI was less at higher RFI. Eating rate, DMI per meal, and size of the largest daily meal were positively associated with RFI. Daily temporal analysis of FB revealed an interaction between RFI and time for eating rate in multiparous and primiparous cows. The eating rate increased with greater RFI at 11 of 12 time points throughout the day, and eating rate differed across RFI between multiple time points. There tended to be an interaction between RFI and time for eating time and bin visits in multiparous cows but not primiparous cows. Overall, there was a time effect for all FB variables, where DMI, eating time and rate, and bin visits were greatest after the initial daily feeding at 1200 h, increased slightly after each milking, and reached a nadir at 0600 h (6 h before feeding). Considering the relationship between RFI and eating rate, additional efforts to determine cost-effective methods of quantifying eating rate in group-housed dairy cows is warranted. Further investigation is also warranted to determine if management strategies to alter FB, especially eating rate, can be effective in increasing feed efficiency in lactating dairy cattle.     

菌酶协同改善花生粕的饲用品质

花生粕是重要的蛋白饲料原料，但由于其氨基酸不平衡，特别是精氨酸与赖氨酸比例严重失衡（精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值在3~4，理想的精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值为1.0），限制了其在动物养殖中的应用。研究了复合酶预处理结合乳酸菌发酵花生粕对其品质的改善。结果表明：经菌酶协同处理后，花生粕粗蛋白质含量由46.4%提高至506%，大分子蛋白明显降解为小分子蛋白，酸溶蛋白质含量由2.3%提高至17.8%，多肽含量由1.6%提高至15.7%，蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量分别提高了77.1%和42.0%，精氨酸降解率为18.7%，精氨酸与赖氨酸含量比值从3.7降低至2.1，总酸含量由06%提高到4.7%，其中乳酸含量由0.64 mg/g提高至14.63 mg/g。菌酶协同处理后的花生粕抗氧化性明显增强，其中每克菌酶协同处理后的花生粕对羟自由基的清除能力与171.6 mg VC相当，比花生粕（与47.6 mg VC相当）提高了2.6倍。     

我国鲜食玉米标准体系及营养标准研究

近年来我国鲜食玉米产业发展迅猛, 但同时也暴露出诸多产业乱象。梳理现有鲜食玉米标准体系是促进产业标准化、规范化的重要举措。本文通过对我国现行鲜食玉米标准进行梳理, 总结出目前我国鲜食玉米标准体系中抽样及一般性检测标准较完善、技术规程体系成熟、标准体系框架已建立的特点; 同时提出我国鲜食玉米标准体系存在技术规程标准内容重复、品质分级标准混乱、缺乏营养评价指标相关标准、感官评价标准混乱、缺乏甜糯玉米和笋玉米的相关标准、标准体系结构不合理等的问题; 并针对上述问题提出对应应统一技术规程标准, 建立营养评价体系, 统一品质分级标准, 统一感官评价指标, 完善甜糯玉米和笋玉米相关标准的解决办法。为鲜食玉米标准体系的建设及规范化提供参考和建议。     

榨前微波处理对油茶粕活性成分及抗氧化性的影响

通过不同微波功率和时间辐射油茶籽,测定油茶粕中茶皂素、蛋白质、粗多糖、总酚、糠氨酸含量以及DPPH自由基清除能力的变化规律,研究榨前微波处理对油茶粕活性成分及抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随微波加热时间延长,低功率(245、420 W)微波处理油茶籽后,油茶粕中茶皂素含量稍有上升,随后下降;较高功率(560、700 W)微波处理后,茶皂素含量呈上升趋势;微波处理对油茶粕中蛋白质含量影响不大;微波处理后油茶粕中粗多糖含量整体呈下降趋势,但420、560、700 W处理20、5、10 min后含量分别比初始升高66.9%、79.6%和116.0%;微波处理后油茶粕中总酚含量呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势,且微波功率越高,总酚含量越高;微波功率较低(245 W)时,糠氨酸含量先降低后略有升高,微波功率较高(420、560、700 W)时,糠氨酸含量先升高后降低。245 W和700 W微波功率处理时油茶粕对DPPH自由基清除率先升高后降低,560 W时呈整体上升趋势,420 W呈波动状态。     

葵花籽粕综合利用研究进展

葵花籽粕是葵花籽提油后的副产品。葵花籽粕蛋白品质优,各氨基酸组成平衡,此外葵花籽粕中还含有绿原酸、黄酮等多种活性物质,营养价值高,具有广阔的应用前景。从葵花籽粕作为原料提取有效成分及作为饲料用原料两方面对葵花籽粕资源的综合利用情况进行了阐述,以期为葵花籽粕的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

北京市郊玉米质量安全风险因子及影响因素分析

以北京郊区10个农户的玉米种植地为研究对象,扦取种植期土壤样品、扬花期花穗样品、收获期及不同储藏时期的玉米样品,检测菌相、带菌量和真菌毒素等。结果表明,玉米产后整个自然晾晒储藏期间,储藏前期(产后一个月内)的发霉风险最高,其中镰刀菌属一直是优势菌群,其产生的毒素主要包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和伏马菌素(FB1、FB2),检出率分别为100%、95%和93%,且DON和ZEN在储藏期的超标率均大于40%,而其他毒素,如AFBs、OTA、ST、T-2、HT-2等均未检出。另外,采用高通量测序技术分析了土壤和花穗样品中真菌多样性与农艺因素的关系,发现,种植方式(清种/兼做)、灌溉情况、上季秸秆处理方式等因素会影响玉米植株污染真菌的种类和数量,进而导致玉米籽粒真菌毒素的污染水平出现差异。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大菱鲆鱼粉中呋喃唑酮代谢物残留

目的 建立一种大菱鲆鱼粉中呋喃唑酮代谢物3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮（3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, AOZ）残留的液相色谱-串联质谱（liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS）高准确度定值方法。方法 大菱鲆冻干鱼粉样品复水后，经盐酸水解，2-硝基苯甲醛衍生化，乙酸乙酯提取，高速离心净化，采用2 mmol/L乙酸铵（A）和甲醇（B）作为流动相进行梯度洗脱，质谱（electron spray ionization, ESI+）选择反应监测模式对AOZ进行定性和定量测定。结果 本方法在1.0~40 μg/L范围内线性关系良好，相关系数大于0.999。AOZ在2.00、5.00、10.0和20.0 μg/kg添加水平的回收率在94.2%~100%之间，批内和批间相对标准偏差均<10%。本方法冻干鱼粉中AOZ的定量限为2.00 μg/kg。结论 该方法灵敏、准确，操作简便，适用于大菱鲆鱼粉中AOZ残留基体标准物质的定值测定。     

芝麻粕蛋白酶法提取工艺优化及组分分析

为了综合利用芝麻粕资源，以芝麻粕为原料，利用硬脂酸、吐温80、十二烷基硫酸钠三种表面活性剂对其进行脱脂处理，再采用水剂法去除表面活性剂，最后利用中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶对芝麻粕蛋白进行水解，以芝麻粕蛋白溶出率为考察指标优选出最佳水解酶。在此基础上，通过单因素试验和正交试验对酶解工艺条件进行优化，并利用2,4-二硝基氟苯柱前衍生高效液相色谱法分析水解物成分。结果表明，吐温80脱脂效果最好，芝麻粕脱脂率达93.49%；碱性蛋白酶为最佳水解酶，其最佳酶解条件为料水比1∶10（g∶mL）、酶解温度50 ℃、加酶量0.04%、酶解时间3.0 h。在此最佳酶解条件下，芝麻粕蛋白溶出率为88.94%。水解物中含有20种氨基酸，其中8种人体必需氨基酸含量高于FAO/WHO的推荐值。