低剂量暴露下呋喃唑酮在大菱鲆体内的迁移规律及预测

为评价养殖环境中低剂量呋喃唑酮在大菱鲆体内残留的风险,科学预测水产品中药物残留来源,以大菱鲆为研究对象,在饲料中分别以0.5、1.5 mg/kg和5.0 mg/kg三个添加量的呋喃唑酮,在（16±2）℃连续投喂30 d,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大菱鲆体内呋喃唑酮代谢物3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮（3-amino-2-oxazolidinone,AOZ）残留量,确定饲料添加量与AOZ残留量关系、稳态富集时间、组织分布特征和生物富集系数（bioaccumulation factor,BCF）,并构建判别模型预测饲料中呋喃唑酮含量。结果表明,在低剂量暴露条件下连续投喂含呋喃唑酮的饲料30 d,大菱鲆各组织中AOZ残留量与添加量呈正相关;在3 个添加量下,AOZ在肌肉和皮中达到稳态富集的时间分别为15、15 d和25 d;AOZ在大菱鲆各组织中的分布呈相似规律,其残留量由大到小依次为肝脏＞肾脏＞脾＞鳃＞皮＞肌肉;低添加水平条件下呋喃唑酮在大菱鲆体内的BCF大于高添加水平;当饲料中呋喃唑酮含量分别≥0.68 mg/kg和≥0.46 mg/kg时,在该养殖条件下连续投喂30 d,大菱鲆肌肉和皮组织中AOZ残留量≥1.0 μg/kg。大菱鲆中呋喃唑酮痕量残留可能与养殖环境污染相关,通过模型预测和科学监控,可以减少养殖过程的带入风险,有效保障水产品的食用安全。     

酶联免疫法检测水产品中呋喃唑酮代谢物AOZ的残留

用酶联免疫试剂盒(灵敏度为0.125 μg/kg)检测威海出口水产品中3氨基-2-恶唑烷酮(AOZ)的残留,测定试剂盒的加样回收率.结果表明除个别产品不符合规定外,绝大部分水产品符合规定,试剂盒在添加量为0.45、0.90、1.80 μg/kg 时,回收率分别为94.37%、98.78%、97.90%.酶联免疫法适合时水产品中AOZ的残留做快速检测.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中残留的酞丁安

该研究采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术（high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction,SPE-LC-MS/MS）结合固相萃取净化法,建立蜂蜜中残留酞丁安的定量分析方法。蜂蜜样品经水溶解并振荡提取,离心除去杂质后,由PH苯基固相萃取小柱富集净化,以0.1%甲酸-水溶液和乙腈为流动相,采用C18色谱柱（3.0 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm）进行梯度洗脱分离,在正离子模式下,采用多反应监测模式检测。结果表明,酞丁安在5 μg/L～1 000 μg/L范围内线性关系良好（R2＞0.99）,酞丁安的检出限和定量限分别为2、5 μg/kg。酞丁安在蜂蜜样品中添加水平为5、50、200 μg/kg时,添加回收率为93.67%～99.61%,日内和日间相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）分别为2.74%～4.73%和2.3%～3.87%（n=6）。该方法适用于蜂蜜中酞丁安残留筛查检测及定量分析,可为其他食品中酞丁安残留测定分析提供方法指导。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测猪尿中26种β2-受体 激动剂类药物残留

目的 建立了一种猪尿中26种β2-受体激动剂兽药残留的液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测方法。方法 样品经β-葡萄糖苷酸酶/芳基硫酸酯酶酶解后,用正丁醇及甲基叔丁基醚混合液萃取,过MCX固相萃取柱净化。采用0.1%甲酸(A) 和0.1%甲酸-乙腈(B)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱(ESI )采用多离子检测模式(MRM)对β2-受体激动剂的定量离子和定性离子进行监测。结果本方法在15 min内完成26种目标化合物的分离分析。26种β2-受体激动剂在5、10和20μg/L添加水平的回收率为65.0%~105.3%,相对标准偏差小于11.5%（n=6）,方法检出限为0.04 μg/ kg ~1.02 μg/kg。结论 该方法快速、准确、灵敏,适合测定猪尿中的β2-受体激动剂类药物残留。     

固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定畜禽肉及肉制品中肾上腺素和多巴胺的残留量

建立畜禽肉及肉制品中2 种儿茶酚胺类化合物（肾上腺素和多巴胺）的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用检测方法。样品采用10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液提取,WCX固相萃取柱净化,Waters Acquity BEH C18柱分离,采用电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应模式监测,基质匹配内标法定量。结果表明：肾上腺素和多巴胺在0.5～50 ng/mL范围内,相关系数（R2）均大于0.996;在畜肉中的检出限和定量限分别为0.39～0.40 μg/kg和1.00 μg/kg,在禽肉中的检出限和定量限分别为0.36～0.37 μg/kg和0.98 μg/kg,在肉制品中的检出限和定量限分别为0.38 μg/kg和0.96～0.97 μg/kg;加标量为1～10 μg/kg时,方法回收率为83.7%～111.2%,相对标准偏差为1.28%～5.76%。该方法具有灵敏度高、定量准确等优点,适用于畜禽肉及肉制品中残留儿茶酚胺类化合物含量的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定硝基呋喃类药物代谢物及其在对虾体内的代谢

建立高效液相色谱法测定对虾中胺基脲（semicarbazide,SEM）、1-氨基-2-内酰脲（1-aminohydantoin,AHD）、5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-唑烷基酮（5-morpholinomethyl-3-amino-2-oxazolidone,AMOZ）和3-氨基-2-恶唑基酮（3-amino-2-oxazolidone,AOZ）4 种硝基呋喃类药物代谢物。采用含100 g/L三氯乙酸的甲醇-水（50∶50,V/V）溶液提取,邻氯苯甲醛衍生,经乙酸乙酯萃取、异辛烷净化,以0.05 mol/L乙酸铵-乙腈（30∶70,V/V）为流动相,反相高效液相色谱分析,外标法定量。结果表明,4 种待测物在0.1～50 nmol/mL 浓度范围内线性良好,检出限分别为SEM 0.75 μg/kg、AHD 1.2 μg/kg、AMOZ 2.0 μg/kg、AOZ 1.0 μg/kg。停药后4 种硝基呋喃类药物代谢物在对虾肌肉内富集最高含量分别为51.5、35.8、79.3 μg/kg和127 μg/kg,代谢物残留低于0.5 μg/kg所需代谢时间为SEM 21 d、AHD 15 d、AMOZ 17 d和AOZ 23 d。     

QuEChERS净化-UPLC-MS/MS法测定番茄中19种农药残留

采用QuEChERS净化-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）测定番茄中19种农药残留。经改进的QuEChERS方法进行前处理,采用Aglient-C18色谱柱分离,以4 mmol/L甲酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱。质谱采用电喷雾（ESI）正离子源和多反应监测（MRM）模式,外标法定量。结果表明,19种农药的质量浓度为2.0～200.0 μg/L时,线性关系良好,相关系数（R2）＞0.998,定量限为0.15～1.50 μg/kg,回收率为79.8%～103.9%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.2%～11.8%。说明该方法灵敏度高,适合番茄中19种农药残留检测的要求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定动物源性食品中9种多肽类抗生素残留

建立了动物组织中9种多肽类抗生素残留的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）检测方法。样品经甲醇-0.1 mol/L盐酸（7:3,v/v）混合溶剂提取,酸性氧化铝除杂、正己烷去除油脂,亲水-亲脂平衡（hydrophilic-lipophilic balance,HLB）固相萃取柱净化,以0.2%的甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相,经过C₈色谱柱（100A, 150 mm×2 mm, 3 μm）梯度洗脱分离,使用电喷雾正离子化和多反应监测模式检测。结果表明,万古霉素和去甲万古霉素、恩拉霉素A、恩拉霉素B、太古霉素在2～200 μg/L范围内,粘杆菌素A、粘杆菌素B、杆菌肽A在5～500 μg/L范围内,维吉尼霉素M1在0.1～20 μg/L范围内,各化合物定量离子的峰面积和样品质量浓度之间呈现良好的线性关系（R2>0.99）,方法的定量限（S/N=10）为1～20 μg/kg,检出限为0.3~6 μg/kg;以鸡肉、猪肉、猪肝、猪肾为基质,在加标水平为1～200 μg/kg时,各个化合物的平均加标回收率为74.2%～96.3%,相对标准偏差为4.3%～14.6%。该方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于动物组织中多肽类抗生素残留的同时测定。     

EMR固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定虾肉中性激素残留的方法建立

本研究建立EMR固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定虾肉中15种性激素残留的分析方法。样品采用0.1 mol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠溶液-乙腈溶液提取,经Captiva EMR固相萃取SPE小柱净化,CAPCELLPAK C₁₈ BB-H（3 μm,2.1 mm×150 mm）色谱柱分离,电喷雾离子源正负离子分开扫描;多反应监测模式的超高效液相色谱-串联质联质谱法进行检测,以空白基质匹配外标法定量。正离子流动相为甲醇和0.1%甲酸,检测雄激素与孕激素;负离子流动相为乙腈和0.01%氨水溶液,检测雌激素。结果表明,经EMR固相萃取净化的虾肉样品中的15种性激素残留在1～50 μg/kg浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r）均大于0.99,方法检出限为0.0015～0.436 μg/kg,定量限为0.0051～1.453 μg/kg,平均回收率在85.31%~119.84%,相对标准偏差为2.11%~9.86%（n=6）。本方法操作快速简单,重复性好,灵敏度较高,适用于虾肉中15种性激素残留的检测。     

改良QuEChERS法与LC-MS/MS联用测定水产品中13种农药残留

采用改良的QuEChERS方法提取与净化水产样品,建立氯嘧磺隆、异丙草胺、嘧菌酯等13种农药残留同时测定的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）检测方法。样品用含1%乙酸的乙腈溶液提取,提取液用聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯（PS-DVB）和乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）分散固相萃取净化,将目标物在电喷雾正离子（ESI+）电离,多反应监测（MRM）模式下测定,基质外标法定量。在优化的试验条件下,13种目标物在1～100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,方法检出限为0.15～0.75 μg/kg。分别对空白罗非和空白对虾按5,20 μg/kg和50 μg/kg等3个水平添加13种农药,目标物的平均回收率为75%～120%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=5）均小于15%。采用该方法测定12份鱼样和18份虾样,在2份虾样中检出嘧菌酯,含量分别为 58.4 μg/kg和38.6 μg/kg。试验结果表明,PS-DVB作为QuEChERS分散固相吸附剂净化效果好、灵敏度高,且价格低廉,适用于水产品中农药多残留的检测。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.