Crosstalk-aware multi-bit flip-flop generation for power optimization

Applying multi-bit flip-flops (MBFFs) for clock power reduction in modern nanometer ICs has been becoming a promising lower-power design technique. Many previous works tried to utilize as more MBFFs with larger number of bits as possible to gain more clock power saving. However, an MBFF with larger number of bits may lead to serious crosstalk due to the close interconnecting wires belonging to different signal nets which are connected to the same MBFF. This paper analyzes, evaluates, and compares the relationship between power consumption and crosstalk when applying MBFFs with different numbers of bits. To solve the addressed problem, a novel crosstalk-aware power optimization approach is further proposed to optimize power consumption while satisfying the crosstalk constraint. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is very effective in crosstalk avoidance when applying MBFFs for power optimization.     

桥式电路中不同封装SiC MOSFET串扰问题分析及低栅极关断阻抗的驱动电路

由于SiC MOSFET开关速度较快,使得桥式电路中串扰问题更加严重,这样不仅限制了SiC MOSFET开关速度的提升,也会降低电力电子装置的可靠性。针对SiC MOSFET的非开尔文结构封装和开尔文结构封装的串扰问题分别进行分析,栅漏极结电容的充放电电流和共源寄生电感电压均会引起处于关断状态开关管的栅源极电压变化。提出一种用于抑制串扰问题的驱动电路,该驱动电路具有栅极关断阻抗低、结构简单、易于控制的特点。分析该驱动电路的工作原理,提供主要参数的计算方法。最后通过实验测试了两种结构封装SiC MOSFET的串扰问题,并且对提出的驱动电路进行了实验,验证了其正确性以及对串扰问题的抑制效果。     

Influence of the crosstalk on the intensity of HAADF-STEM images of quaternary semiconductor materials

The influence of the neighbouring atomic-columns in determining the composition at atomic column scale of quaternary semiconductor compounds, using simulated HAADF-STEM images is evaluated. The InAlAsSb alloy, a promising material in the photovoltaic field, is considered. We find that the so called ‘crosstalk’ effect plays an important role for the aimed compositional determination. The intensity transfer is larger from neighbouring atomic columns with higher average Z, and towards atomic columns with smaller Z. Our results show that in order to obtain precise information on the column composition, the HAADF-STEM intensities of both columns need to be taken into account simultaneously.     

A wireless multi-channel implantable neural recording microsystem based on optimized analog TDM-FDM combination

Crosstalk noise (CT) is a limiting factor to increase the number of channels in analog Time-Division-Multiplexing (TDM)-based Wireless Neural Recording microsystems (WNRs). This paper proposes a novel approach to mitigate and decrease the effect of the CT by combining TDM with Frequency-Division-Multiplexing (FDM). In particular, we evaluate some possible configurations of the TDM-FDM combination and present a system that has less CT than other configurations. A 12-channel WNR based on the proposed system is designed in both system and circuit-level. In this system, channels are first divided into three 4-channel groups and after multiplexing in time domain, they are combined together with FDM method. While the group containing the marker pulse is located in the base-band, the second and third group are shifted to the frequency domain by employing quadrature modulation. The circuit-level of the system is designed and simulated by using 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The designed circuit consumes a power of 1.4 mW at a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The performance of the proposed system is also compared with simple TDM-based WNR. Simulations shows that in the proposed system the CT is considerably decreased.     

Efficient RC low-power bus encoding methods for crosstalk reduction

In on-chip buses, the RC crosstalk effect leads to serious problems, such as wire propagation delay and dynamic power dissipation. This paper presents two efficient bus-coding methods. The proposed methods simultaneously reduce more dynamic power dissipation and wire propagation delay than existing bus encoding methods. Our methods also reduce more total power consumption than other encoding methods. Simulation results show that the proposed method I reduces coupling activity by 26.7-38.2% and switching activity by 3.7%-7% on 8-bit to 32-bit data buses, respectively. The proposed method II reduces coupling activity by 27.5-39.1% and switching activity by 5.3-9% on 8-bit to 32-bit data buses, respectively. Both the proposed methods reduce dynamic power by 23.9-35.3% on 8-bit to 32-bit data buses and total propagation delay by up to 30.7-44.6% on 32-bit data buses, and eliminate the Type-4 coupling. Our methods also reduce total power consumption by 23.6-33.9%, 23.9-34.3%, and 24.1-34.6% on 8-bit to 32-bit data buses with the 0.18, 0.13, and 0.09 μm technologies, respectively.     

Crosstalk noise modeling of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique

This paper presents an accurate and efficient model for the transient analysis of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The proposed model can be essentially used to analyze the functional and dynamic crosstalk effects of coupled-two MWCNT interconnect lines. Using the proposed model the voltage and current can be accurately estimated at any point on the interconnect line and furthermore, the model can be extended to coupled-n interconnect lines with a low computational cost. Crosstalk induced propagation delay, peak voltage, and its timing instance are measured using the proposed model and validated by comparing it to the HSPICE simulations. Over a random number of test cases it is observed that the average error in estimating the noise peak voltage on a victim line is less than 1%. The proposed model is extremely useful for accurate estimation of crosstalk induced performance parameters of MWCNT interconnects.     

Quantitative FRET measurement using emission‐spectral unmixing with independent excitation crosstalk correction

Quantification of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) needs at least two external samples, an acceptor‐only reference and a linked FRET reference, to calibrate fluorescence signal. Furthermore, all measurements for references and FRET samples must be performed under the same instrumental conditions. Based on a novel notion to predetermine the molar extinction coefficient ratio (R_C) of acceptor‐to‐donor for the correction of acceptor excitation crosstalk, we present here a robust and independent emission‐spectral unmixing FRET methodology, Iem‐spFRET, which can simultaneously measure the E and R_C of FRET sample without any external references, such that Iem‐spFRET circumvents the rigorous restriction of keeping the same imaging conditions for all FRET experiments and thus can be used for the direct measurement of FRET sample. We validate Iem‐spFRET by measuring the absolute E and R_C values of standard constructs with different acceptor‐to‐donor stoichiometry expressed in living cells. Our results demonstrate that Iem‐spFRET is a simple and powerful tool for real‐time monitoring the dynamic intermolecular interaction within single living cells.     

Sensitivity and crosstalk study of the zero gap microlens used in 3.2 μm active pixel image sensors

The microlens has been widely applied to improve the sensitivity and to decrease the spatial crosstalk of image sensors. In order to further decrease the pixel size while improve the image quality, the zero gap microlens has been proposed to make high performance image sensors. In this paper, both the traditional microlens and zero gap microlens are fabricated using TOWER and TOPPAN processes. And their performances are compared and evaluated. The results show that the least sensitivity of the zero gap microlens has been significantly improved by more than 45.8% compared to that of the traditional microlens. The use of the zero gap microlens results in an obvious decrease of the crosstalk among blue, green and red lights. For example, the crosstalk of blue light in red light under the green irradiation has been decreases about 1.33%, and the crosstalk of red light in blue light under the blue irradiation has showed about 2.429 times decrease. Overall, the output colour image of the zero gap microlens is brighter and clearer than that of the traditional microlens. Image quality has been significantly improved due to the use of the zero gap microlens.     

ICCD在三维成像量能器读出系统中的应用

在宇宙线空间探测领域,三维成像量能器具有大几何因子和较强的粒子鉴别能力,因而具有广泛的应用前景。但是与二维量能器相比,其读出路数更多,电子学更复杂。增强电荷耦合器件(Intensified charge-coupled device,ICCD)比传统的光电器件集成度高、体积小、功耗低、发热量低,正适合用于三维成像量能器的大规模读出,改善资源利用率。本工作主要讨论了ICCD在三维成像量能器方案中的应用,介绍了ICCD线性、光强分辨率测试结果以及对串扰进行修正的方法,最后给出使用欧洲核子中心(European Organization for Nuclear Research,CERN)提供的10 GeV电子束进行束流照射实验得到的能量重建结果,初步验证了ICCD用于三维成像量能器读出系统的可行性。