Nitrate Additives Coordinated with Crown Ether Stabilize Lithium Metal Anodes in Carbonate Electrolyte

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are promising for next-generation batteries but have poor compatibility with the widely used carbonate-based electrolytes, which is a major reason for their severe dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). A nitrate additive to the electrolyte is an effective solution, but its low solubility in carbonates is a problem that can be solved using a crown ether, as reported. A rubidium nitrate additive coordinated with 18-crown-6 crown ether stabilizes the LMA in a carbonate electrolyte. The coordination promotes the dissolution of NO₃⁻ ions and helps form a dense solid electrolyte interface that is Li₃N-rich which guides uniform Li deposition. In addition, the Rb (18-crown-6)⁺ complexes are adsorbed on the dendrite tips, shielding them from Li deposition on the dendrite tips. A high CE of 97.1% is achieved with a capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻² in a half cell, much higher than when using the additive-free electrolyte (92.2%). Such an additive is very compatible with a nickel-rich ternary cathode at a high voltage, and the assembled full battery with a cathode material loading up to 10 mg cm⁻² shows an average CE of 99.8% over 200 cycles, indicating a potential for practical use.     

Investigation on sulphonated zinc oxide nanorod incorporated sulphonated poly (1,4-phenylene ether ether sulfone) nanocomposite membranes for improved performance of microbial fuel cell

Hydrothermally prepared zinc oxide nanorods are sulphonated (S–ZnO NR) and incorporated into 15% Sulphonated Poly (1,4-Phenylene Ether Ether Sulfone) (SPEES) to improve the hydrophilicity, water uptake and ion transfer capacity. Water uptake and ion transfer capacity increased to 34.6 ± 0.6% and 2.0 ± 0.05 meq g^?1 from 29.8 ± 0.3% and 1.4 ± 0.04 meq g^?1 by adding 7.5 wt% S–ZnO NR to SPEES. Morphological studies show the prepared S–ZnO NR is well dispersed in the polymer matrix. SPEES +7.5 wt% S–ZnO NR membrane exhibits optimum performance after three-weeks of continual operation in a fabricated microbial fuel cell (MFC) to produce a maximum power density of 142 ± 1.2 mW m^?2 with a reduced biofilm compared to plain SPEES (59 ± 0.8 mW m^?2), unsulphonated filler incorporated SPEES (SPEES + 7.5 wt% ZnO, 68 ± 1.1 mW m^?2) and Nafion (130 ± 1.5 mW m^?2) thereby suggesting its suitability as a sustainable and improved cation exchange membrane (CEM) for MFCs.     

The emission characteristics of a petrol–ethanol–diethyl-ether blend as a carbon monoxide reduction additive in spark ignition engine

The emission characteristics of a petrol–ethanol–diethyl-ether blend as a carbon monoxide reduction additive in a spark ignition (SI) engine is presented. The experimental set-up is consisting of a Villiers G200, 6.5?hp, 4-stroke; single cylinder SI engine. The blend used was synthesised using petrol, ethanol and diethyl ether in the following percentage proportion by volume as 75:15:10, 60:25:15, 80:15:5, 85:10:5, respectively. These blends were tested at full engine load and at an operational speed of 2500?rpm. Exhaust emission probe was inserted at the exhaust pipe in order to determine the emission characteristics of these blends under different operating conditions. The results obtained during the emission test carried out show that CO emission level of petrol is higher than that of any of the blends with the 60:25:15 blends having the least emission level. The lowest CO emission of the blend is due to the high oxygen content of fuel blend. The above result shows a great promise in the fight against carbon oxide emission.     

盖子环替换及定点突变提高菜豆环氧化物水解酶对邻甲基苯基缩水甘油醚的催化性能

菜豆环氧化物水解酶1和2（PvEH1、PvEH2）能够动力学拆分外消旋邻甲基苯基缩水甘油醚（rac-oMGE），从而保留(R)-oMGE。基于对PvEH1和PvEH2结构的同源模拟和分析，发现二者分子中的盖子环差异较大，故本文选择盖子环作为研究目标。经融合聚合酶链式反应（FPCR），获得了PvEH2的盖子环区域被PvEH1对应区域替换的杂合酶Pv2Pv1。用全细胞酶E. coli/pv2pv1催化rac-oMGE，当(S)-oMGE刚好水解完全时，产物(S)-3-邻甲苯基-1,2-丙二醇（(S)-oTPD）的ee_p由PvEH2的58.3%提高至75.5%。为进一步提高酶的性质，在Pv2Pv1中选取11个氨基酸位点进行丙氨酸(A)突变，获得最优突变子E. coli/pv2pv1^K176A，活性为E. coli/pv2pv1（4.2U/g）的2.1倍，且当S构型的底物刚好完全水解时，(S)-oTPD的ee_p进一步提高为80.3%。分子对接分析发现，盖子环替换和K176位点突变为A，均使(R)-oMGE环氧环中的C_α更易受到酶中D101位点的攻击。利用E. coli/pv2pv1^K176A催化150mmol/L rac-oMGE水解制备(R)-oMGE（ee_s＞99%）和(S)-oTPD（ee_p=80.4%），二者的产率Y_S和Y_P分别为32.7%和60.1%，时空产率STY_S和STY_P为1.6g/(L·h)和3.3g/(L·h)。本实验为改善EH的催化性质提供了一种有效策略。     

煤矿安全监控系统的发展简述

煤矿安全监控系统是煤矿日常安全管理和灾害防治不可或缺的安全装备,然而现有安全监控系统普遍存在网络结构可靠性差、抗干扰能力弱、数字化程度低、兼容性差、智能化水平低等问题。结合监控系统升级改造的具体要求,对我国煤矿安全监测监控系统的现状,包括存在的主要问题进行了论述,并对系统升级改造后的变化及未来的发展趋势进行了探讨。分析表明,基于工业太环网、数字总线双重冗余结构的新一代全数字式煤矿安全监控系统集多主通讯、智能传感、电磁兼容等多项关键技术于一体,满足监控系统数字化、智能化以及网络化的升级改造要求,也是未来监控系统的发展趋势。新系统的应用可有效提高煤矿的防灾抗灾能力,为煤矿的安全生产提供保障。     

水煤浆管道输送摩阻损失研究

以十二醇醚为分散剂,进行了水煤浆管道输送实验研究,分析了分散剂浓度和煤浆浓度变化对煤浆摩阻损失的影响。煤浆管道输送数据分析及理论计算结果表明: 分散剂浓度越大,煤浆摩阻损失值越小; 水煤浆浓度越大,摩阻损失值越大。实验数据拟合结果表明有效黏度与平均切变率成线性关系,从理论上给出了煤浆摩阻损失的计算公式,计算值与实测值偏差不大于18%。     

Robust proton exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow batteries reinforced by silica-encapsulated nanocellulose

High ion selectivity and mechanical strength are critical properties for proton exchange membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries. In this work, a novel sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) hybrid membrane reinforced by core-shell structured nanocellulose (CNC-SPES) is prepared to obtain a robust and high-performance proton exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow batteries. Membrane morphology, proton conductivity, vanadium permeability and tensile strength are investigated. Single cell tests at a range of 40–140 mA cm⁻² are carried out. The performance of the sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) membrane reinforced by pristine nanocellulose (NC-SPES) and Nafion® 212 membranes are also studied for comparison. The results show that, with the incorporation of silica-encapsulated nanocellulose, the membrane exhibits outstanding mechanical strength of 54.5 MPa and high energy efficiency above 82% at 100 mA cm⁻², which is stable during 200 charge-discharge cycles.     

香兰素基非离子表面活性剂的动态表面张力与气/液界面吸附行为

通过最大气泡压力法测定香兰素基聚氧乙烯醚(VAEO)的动态表面张力,利用Word-Tordai方程研究其在气/液界面的吸附行为。结果表明,质量浓度低于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时,VAEO在吸附前期为扩散控制吸附,在吸附后期为混合动力控制吸附;质量浓度大于cmc时,为混合动力控制吸附,胶束不影响吸附行为。VAEO_(10)和VAEO_(20)的扩散系数D的数量级为10~(-11)m~2/s,比文献报道的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEO_9)低一个数量级。     

Novel poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) foams and the influence of copolymer structure on the foaming result

Novel poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) foams were prepared through the batch foaming method with supercritical CO₂ as the blowing agent. Both temperature‐induced and pressure‐induced foaming methods were conducted to examine the influence of nitrile groups on the foaming result. The results indicated that nitrile groups influenced the foaming result by affecting both the viscoelasticity and CO₂ absorption of the polymers. In addition, the CO₂ solubility of the polymers increased with increasing CN content presumably because of the Lewis acid–base nature of the interaction between the CO₂ molecules and the nitrile groups. The cell growth process was assessed by analyzing the influence of foaming temperature and foaming time on the cell morphology. Nanocellular foams with a minimum size of 30–50 nm were achieved by the temperature‐induced foaming method. Moreover, highly expanded foams with a maximum expansion ratio of 23.6 were obtained by the pressure‐induced foaming method. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry