低压力下环保型络合剂和氧化剂对铝合金化学机械抛光的影响

在低平坦化压力下用壳寡糖(COS)环保型络合剂及H₂O₂氧化剂化学机械抛光铝合金，用原子力显微镜观测抛光后的表面质量，并用X射线光电子能谱仪分析其表面的钝化膜元素，用纳米压痕仪分析钝化膜的力学性能，研究COS及H₂O₂对铝合金CMP的作用机理。结果表明:H₂O₂质量分数为2%时，材料去除率随COS含量的增加而增大，当COS质量分数为0.32%时，材料的去除速率达861 nm/min，表面粗糙度最低为2.50 nm；COS质量分数为0.50%时，材料去除率随H₂O₂含量的增加先增大后减小，当H₂O₂质量分数为1.2%时，材料的抛光去除速率达840 nm/min，同时其表面粗糙度为3.52 nm。加入COS络合剂会在铝合金表面形成主要成分为Al-COS、Al₂O₃和Al(OH)₃的弱钝化膜。      

微波-过氧化氢协同降黏辅助酶法制备壳寡糖

利用微波-过氧化氢协同处理壳聚糖,通过降低壳聚糖的黏度辅助促进其酶解制备壳寡糖。通过单因素实验与正交实验,确定了影响壳聚糖微波-过氧化氢降黏效果的因素主次顺序是微波时间、H2O2的用量、微波功率。优化后的降黏条件是:H2O2添加量为0.1 mL,微波功率为120 W,微波时间为0.5 min,所得壳聚糖黏度比原料黏度降低了96.9%,且并未发生结构的改变。对其酶解的结果表明,经微波-过氧化氢协同降黏再酶解的壳寡糖得率为80.1%,比未经降黏处理的提高了11.8%,产物壳寡糖数均相对分子质量为2 027,平均聚合度为10,明显低于未经降黏处理而直接酶解所得的壳寡糖。     

Redirecting Killer T Cells through Incorporation of Azido Sugars for Tethering Ligands

The genetic expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on the surfaces of T cells enables the redirection of T cell specificity. To enhance the versatility of T cells as tumor-specific killers, we developed a nongenetic approach by which azide-containing sialic acids were metabolically incorporated into T cells to modify cellular sialyl glycans. After successful display of these moieties on the T cells, small-molecule ligands such as RGD and folate (as proof-of-concept, rather than supersized antibodies) were clicked orthogonally, leading to highly selective time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity to integrin α_vβ₃- and folate-receptor-positive cells, respectively. This chemical approach provides a facile platform for rational design of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells for targeted immunotherapy.     

The Peculiar Structure of Acetobacter pasteurianus CIP103108 LPS Core Oligosaccharide

Acetobacter pasteurianus, a member of the Alphaproteobacteria, is an acetic acid-producing bacterium present on sugar-rich substrates such as such as fruits, flowers and vegetables and traditionally used in the production of fermented food. The preferred living habitat associated with acid conditions makes the structure of the bacterial cell wall interesting to study, due to expected uncommon features. We have used a combination of chemical, analytical and NMR spectroscopy approaches to define the complete structure of the core oligosaccharide from A. pasteurianus CIP103108 LPS. Interestingly, the core oligosaccharide displays a high concentration of negatively charged groups, structural features that might contribute to reinforcing the bacterial membrane.     

Molecular Design and Synthesis of a Novel Substrate for Assaying Lysozyme Activity

A novel substrate {Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAc-β-pNP [Gal(GlcNAc)₂-β-pNP]} for assaying lysozyme activity has been designed using docking simulations and enzymatic synthesis via β-1,4-galactosyltransferase-mediated transglycosylation from UDP-Gal as the donor to (GlcNAc)₂-β-pNP as the acceptor. Hydrolysis of the synthesized Gal(GlcNAc)₂-β-pNP and related compounds using hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) demonstrated that the substrate was specifically cleaved to Gal(GlcNAc)₂ and p-nitrophenol (pNP). A combination of kinetic studies and docking simulation was further conducted to elucidate the mode of substrate binding. The results demonstrate that Gal(GlcNAc)₂-β-pNP selectively binds to a subsite of lysozyme to liberate the Gal(GlcNAc)₂ and pNP products. The work therefore describes a new colorimetric method for quantifying lysozyme on the basis of the determination of pNP liberated from the substrate.     

Glycans in Medicinal Chemistry: An Underexploited Resource

The biological relevance of glycans as mediators of key physiological processes, including disease‐related mechanisms, makes them attractive targets for a wide range of medical applications. Despite their important biological roles, especially as molecular recognition elements, carbohydrates have not been fully exploited as therapeutics mainly due to the scarcity of structure–activity correlations and their non‐drug‐like properties. A more detailed understanding of the complex carbohydrate structures and their associated functions should contribute to the development of new glycan‐based pharmaceuticals. Recent significant progress in oligosaccharide synthesis and chemical glycobiology has renewed the interest of the medicinal chemistry community in carbohydrates. This promises to increase our possibilities to harness them in drug discovery efforts for the development of new and more effective, synthetic glycan‐based therapeutics and vaccines.     

海藻胶寡糖的分离制备及电喷雾质谱分析

为获得不同聚合度的海藻胶寡糖并对其进行确证,以海藻胶经酶解制得的寡糖产品为原料,对其总糖含量、糖醛酸含量以及单糖组成等理化指标进行测定,运用硅胶柱层析对寡糖混合物进行分离,以薄层色谱和电喷雾质谱对所得的寡糖单体进行分析。结果表明：酶解所得到的原料主要为聚合度2～10 的寡居糖醛酸混合物;经硅胶柱层析分离可获得聚合度2～5 糖的单体。本方法可分离、制备和鉴定海藻胶寡糖。