A comprehensive review of image analysis methods for microorganism counting: from classical image processing to deep learning approaches

Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi play essential roles in many application fields, like biotechnique, medical technique and industrial domain. Microorganism counting techniques are crucial in microorganism analysis, helping biologists and related researchers quantitatively analyze the microorganisms and calculate their characteristics, such as biomass concentration and biological activity. However, traditional microorganism manual counting methods, such as plate counting method, hemocytometry and turbidimetry, are time-consuming, subjective and need complex operations, which are difficult to be applied in large-scale applications. In order to improve this situation, image analysis is applied for microorganism counting since the 1980s, which consists of digital image processing, image segmentation, image classification and suchlike. Image analysis-based microorganism counting methods are efficient comparing with traditional plate counting methods. In this article, we have studied the development of microorganism counting methods using digital image analysis. Firstly, the microorganisms are grouped as bacteria and other microorganisms. Then, the related articles are summarized based on image segmentation methods. Each part of the article is reviewed by methodologies. Moreover, commonly used image processing methods for microorganism counting are summarized and analyzed to find common technological points. More than 144 papers are outlined in this article. In conclusion, this paper provides new ideas for the future development trend of microorganism counting, and provides systematic suggestions for implementing integrated microorganism counting systems in the future. Researchers in other fields can refer to the techniques analyzed in this paper.

     

新型复合式内部能量集成的精馏塔的机械设计与水力学模拟

基于HIDiC的理论和Aspen 模拟的结果，建立了新型内部能量集成的精馏塔的塔节结构，对筛孔式结构的复合HIDiC塔节做了CFD模拟，探索了不同参数下的水力学性能，优化了新型复合塔节的结构。结果表明：对于筛孔式复合塔节，减小塔板孔径，降低出口堰高有利于提高传质和传热效果。利用SolidWorks软件针对温度与压力下的双重效应做了静应力分析，通过HIDiC理论，模型构建，水力学模拟相互验证，将HIDiC逐板换热的理论与实际模型完美结合。     

污泥基生物炭处理酸性含U(Ⅵ)废水的效能与机理

通过城市污泥（SS）慢速热解制备污泥基生物炭（SSB），并研究初始pH、投加量、共存离子、吸附时间和温度等因素对SSB去除U(Ⅵ)的影响，探讨吸附动力学和吸附等温线特征。通过元素分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析U(Ⅵ)吸附去除的机理。结果表明SSB去除U(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为：pH=3、投加量1 g/L、吸附时间240 min；在此条件下，在温度30℃时最大吸附量为34.51 mg/g。吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型；Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好描述生物炭对U(Ⅵ)的吸附行为。U(Ⅵ)吸附去除机理主要包括静电作用，与Si—O—Si的n-π相互作用，与羟基（—OH）、羧基（—COOH）的配位络合。通过5次吸附-解吸试验发现，U(Ⅵ)去除率和SSB再生率均在80%以上。本研究表明污泥基生物炭具备处理与修复酸性含U(Ⅵ)废水污染的潜力。     

湖南某金矿石的浸出试验研究

对湖南某金矿体矿石进行了氰化物和硫脲室内浸出可行性研究，试验结果表明，可行性方案为氰化浸出工艺，并研究了氰化浸出工艺浸出剂浓度、氧化剂浓度、液固比、各种添加剂等对浸出的影响，金浸出率超过90％，获得了合适的浸出参数和工艺条件，为下一步现场试验提供参考依据。     

基于多Agent 技术的非战争军事行动应急指挥平台

针对非战争军事行动中各级指挥员对突发情况应对不足等问题,建立一种以多Agent技术为核心构建非战争军事行动应急指挥平台。介绍多Agent技术及其技术体系,分析非军事行动应急指挥平台的目标及原则,并以军队为例建立体系结构图,依托虚拟环境进行非战争军事行动预案的推演、分析和论证,得到基于多Agent技术构建应急指挥平台的工作流程和特点。该分析结果可为进一步提高军地联合遂行多样化军事任务的能力提供参考。     

Optimization of formic acid hydrolysis of corn cob in xylose production

Dilute acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic material is one of the significant steps in a biorefinery. We used response surface methodology to determine the important factors of formic acid concentration (2%–6% wt%), treatment time (30–150 min), reaction temperature (120–160 °C), and liquid to solid ratio (3–11 mL/g) on dilute acid hydrolysis of corn cob to produce xylose. A xylose yield of 81.6% and selectivity of 15.1 g/g were achieved under the optimal conditions (5% acid concentration, 150 min, 135 °C, and 7 mL/g liquid to solid ratio). The addition of trivalent salts (FeCl₃, Fe(NO₃)3, and Fe₂(SO₄)₃) to the reaction system enhanced the xylose yield but decreased selectivity. The FeCl₃ concentration over 0.75 mol/L had a negative effect on xylose production.     

Reductive Amination Without the Aldehyde: Use of a Ketolactol as an Aldehyde Surrogate

To overcome stability issues associated with the use of an aldehyde in a catalytic reductive amination reaction, a cyclic ketolactol (ω-hydroxylactone) was employed as an aldehyde surrogate to form a γ-aminoacid. The reaction proceeded most favorably over a Pt/C catalyst. The thermodynamics of each step were evaluated using density functional theory calculations, which correctly predicted the dominance of the ring-closed lactol reactant, yet suggested a preference for a ring-opened iminium intermediate upon the initial, slightly endoergic addition of amine substrate. Exoergic hydrogenation of this intermediate provided the thermodynamic driving force for the overall transformation. During development, the reaction was observed to depend significantly on the volumetric gas to liquid mass transfer coefficient (k_La) and this parameter was optimized to ensure successful scale up in a 400 L stirred tank reactor.     

压力对Mg₃Zn₃Y₂相的结构、电子和力学性能影响的第一性原理计算

利用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理计算方法,研究了高压对面心立方化合物Mg3Zn3Y2的结构,弹性和电子性能的影响。在0GPa下优化的晶格常数与其他计算和实验结果相吻合。计算并分析了Mg3Zn3Y2的弹性常数。基于弹性常数的计算结果,推导了Mg3Zn3Y2的体积模量(B),剪切模量(G),杨氏模量(E),泊松比(ν),各向异性指数(A),熔点和硬度。结果表明压力的增加可以促进Mg3Zn3Y2的力学性能。最后,通过的电子态密度的分析,表明随着压力的增加,Mg3Zn3Y2相的结构稳定性降低。     

水泥厂配料输送设备的选用经验

水泥厂配料输送分为生料配料输送和水泥配料输送。皮带机和提升机在这两种配料的输送环节各有优劣,可根据实际情况选用合适的输送设备。