功能性小麦品种的概念、类别和发展前景（网络首发、推荐阅读）

结合全球倡导的营养导向型农业和功能性食品的内容，首次提出“功能性小麦品种”的概念，将其定义为“含有对人体健康有益的活性成分，可调节人体有益代谢，能给人体健康带来某种益处或满足特定人群的特殊需求，同时可以作为日常食物的口感正常、无毒副作用的小麦品种类型”；结合疫情警示和我国进入后工业时代后，人们需求必将由“吃得饱”、“吃得好”向“吃得健康”转变，因而提出继高产品种、优质品种之后培育“功能性小麦品种”的育种目标。根据多年关于小麦淀粉、蛋白、酯类和其他成分的功能研究结果，介绍新育成的“麦黄酮”、“高色素”、“高抗性淀粉”、“富锌”、“低醇溶蛋白”和“低植酸”等功能性小麦新品种（系）的营养特性和农艺产量状况；根据“健康中国2030”规划等国家战略，进行“功能性品种培育是解决我国功能性食品‘卡脖子’的关键基础，一种功能性品种可以形成一类功能性食品，多种功能性品种可以形成我国功能性面制品产业，推动我国整个食品工业的发展”的前景展望；根据功能性品种及其食品的稳定性和可靠性是产品和市场的“生命线”，从对消费者负责的高度，提出关于“功能性农作物品种审定导向和组建功能性成分检测机构；编制有关功能性品种和食品的国家或行业标准，设立功能性食品和功能性农作物品种的商业标志，保证我国功能性农作物品种及其食品健康发展”等方面的具体建议。     

Transfer learning between crop types for semantic segmentation of crops versus weeds in precision agriculture

Agricultural robots rely on semantic segmentation for distinguishing between crops and weeds to perform selective treatments and increase yield and crop health while reducing the amount of chemicals used. Deep‐learning approaches have recently achieved both excellent classification performance and real‐time execution. However, these techniques also rely on a large amount of training data, requiring a substantial labeling effort, both of which are scarce in precision agriculture. Additional design efforts are required to achieve commercially viable performance levels under varying environmental conditions and crop growth stages. In this paper, we explore the role of knowledge transfer between deep‐learning‐based classifiers for different crop types, with the goal of reducing the retraining time and labeling efforts required for a new crop. We examine the classification performance on three datasets with different crop types and containing a variety of weeds and compare the performance and retraining efforts required when using data labeled at pixel level with partially labeled data obtained through a less time‐consuming procedure of annotating the segmentation output. We show that transfer learning between different crop types is possible and reduces training times for up to 80%. Furthermore, we show that even when the data used for retraining are imperfectly annotated, the classification performance is within 2% of that of networks trained with laboriously annotated pixel‐precision data.     

设施园艺在观光农业园规划设计的应用

设施园艺可以让农业生产者通过一定的技术手段,提高农业生产效益,改变农作物的生长周期。文章在农业观光园的设计中可以利用这种技术方法来突出园区的农业特色,吸引非农业人口前来旅游观光和消费。     

Diverse food in urban gardens in the promotion of food and nutrition security in Brazil: a review

Food and nutrition security can be supported by an urban garden. The present study comprises a critical reflection on the difficulty of producing food in urban gardens in Brazil and shows the potential of food production and the obstacles to its expansion. In addition, issues related to the agroecological management of gardens are addressed and suggestions are made to improve the proposed public policies. Urban gardens are multifunctional and have social, economic and environmental impacts. They are strategically important for supporting low-income families and urban development. Through urban gardens, diverse foods and quality foods can be produced for self-consumption. This review highlights the importance of generating detailed information on urban gardens in Brazil to support policies aimed at this sector. Long-term and multidisciplinary studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between food production in urban gardens and household food and nutrition security. This approach revealed a lack of information on the amount of food produced by Brazilians in their gardens and consumed by the household. In addition, there is little information on the management of production. There is a gap relating to the impact of food produced in urban gardens and the prevalence of food and nutrition security. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

The control of sea lice in Atlantic salmon by selective breeding

Sea lice threaten the welfare of farmed Atlantic salmon and the sustainability of fish farming across the world. Chemical treatments are the major method of control but drug resistance means that alternatives are urgently needed. Selective breeding can be a cheap and effective alternative. Here, we combine experimental trials and diagnostics to provide a practical protocol for quantifying resistance to sea lice. We then combined quantitative genetics with epidemiological modelling to make the first prediction of the response to selection, quantified in terms of reduced need for chemical treatments. We infected over 1400 young fish with Lepeophtheirus salmonis, the most important species in the Northern Hemisphere. Mechanisms of resistance were expressed early in infection. Consequently, the number of lice per fish and the ranking of families were very similar at 7 and 17 days post infection, providing a stable window for assessing susceptibility to infection. The heritability of lice numbers within this time window was moderately high at 0.3, confirming that selective breeding is viable. We combined an epidemiological model of sea lice infection and control on a salmon farm with genetic variation in susceptibility among individuals. We simulated 10 generations of selective breeding and examined the frequency of treatments needed to control infection. Our model predicted that substantially fewer chemical treatments are needed to control lice outbreaks in selected populations and chemical treatment could be unnecessary after 10 generations of selection. Selective breeding for sea lice resistance should reduce the impact of sea lice on fish health and thus substantially improve the sustainability of Atlantic salmon production.     

新时代下我国数字农业发展的机遇、不足及对策

近年来,在政策推动及市场环境的变化下,我国数字农业发展取得了一定成效,但也依然面临着人才短缺、技术薄弱、主动投资不足等挑战。对当下我国数字农业发展的现状、机遇和挑战进行分析研究,并给出相关对策建议。     

Opportunities for control engineering in arable precision agriculture

In this paper, we present an overview of several challenges in arable farming that are well suited for research by the control engineering society. We discuss the global needs that these challenges are related to as well as the relation of these challenges to future applications of arable farming. For each of these opportunities we provide several concrete and detailed research questions. Particular attention is paid to the management of resources and sensors in farms. The objective of writing this paper is to further entice control engineers into the domains of agronomy and agricultural technology.     

Moving beyond ‘more crop per drop’: insights from two decades of research on agricultural water productivity

ABSTRACT

Concern over increasing water scarcity has led to the introduction of the concept of agricultural water productivity and an emphasis on interventions to achieve ‘more crop per drop’. Yet, a strong debate continues on how the concept is to be defined and used. Drawing largely from the irrigation literature, the origins of the concept and its methodological developments are reviewed, and its use in applied work over two decades is discussed. Based on this analysis of conceptual and applied research, key insights into the concept’s contributions and limitations are presented, as well as opportunities for further refinements.     

6.70-15 6PR I-1农业轮胎的设计

介绍6.70-15 6PR Ⅰ-1农业轮胎的设计.结构设计：外直径695 mm,断面宽159.5 mm,行驶面宽度134 mm,弧度高9.4 mm,胎圈着合直径380 mm,胎圈着合宽度 114.5 mm,断面水平轴位置（H1/H2） 0.95,花纹深度4.8 mm,花纹饱和度 77.9％,花纹周节数 25.施工设计：胎面采用一方一块结构,胎体采用4层1400dtex/2V2锦纶6浸胶帘布,钢丝圈采用Φ1 mm的回火胎圈钢丝,采用半芯轮式成型鼓成型、四立柱硫化机硫化.成品轮胎试验结果表明,轮胎的充气外缘尺寸和物理性能均符合客户和相关标准要求.