直接滴定法测定甜菜碱产品中活性物和游离叔胺的含量

研究了用盐酸-异丙醇直接滴定法和两相滴定法分别测定烷基羧基甜菜碱样品中游离叔胺含量和活性物含量。结果表明,用盐酸-异丙醇直接滴定法测定游离叔胺,对双十二烷基甲基羧基甜菜碱样品滴定终点为浅黄色,与用标准盐酸溶液滴定单纯的叔胺产品相同,但对十六烷基二甲基羧基甜菜碱样品,滴定终点为蓝绿色而非黄色,以黄色为终点将高估叔胺含量。与滴定单纯的叔胺产品相比,大量甜菜碱的存在使滴定过程中pH的突跃消失,体系pH随滴定体积的增加缓慢下降,但滴定单位质量叔胺所消耗的盐酸-异丙醇的体积不变。由于指示剂颜色亦呈现缓慢的变化,仍可以根据指示剂颜色变化来确定终点。终点颜色不随叔胺含量而变化,但可能因甜菜碱的分子结构而异。在酸性条件下,叔胺与甜菜碱都显示阳离子性质,可以用两相滴定法测出两者总量。于是在用盐酸-异丙醇直接滴定法独立确定样品中游离叔胺的情况下,通过两相滴定即可测出样品中甜菜碱活性物含量。     

陕北低渗透储层表面活性剂驱油体系研究

针对陕北延长油田的储层情况,研制出一种以甜菜碱为主的复配驱油体系EPS,该体系配方为:甜菜碱:OP-10:异丙醇=7∶2∶1,使用浓度为0.1%。对该体系的配伍性、乳化性、抗盐性、cmc值、吸附值及采收率进行测定。结果表明,该驱油体系与陕北延长油田大部分高矿化度的地层水都有良好的配伍性和乳化性;cmc值较低(450 mg/L);岩心吸附值小(0.910 mg/g);耐盐性能好,当Ca2+浓度高达12 000 mg/L时,该体系与原油仍可达到超低界面张力(约10-3mN/m);在不同低渗透油层的驱替实验中,驱油效率提高6.7%～17.9%。     

Zwitterionic sulfobetaine‐modified non‐woven fabric for blood filtration

Blood filtration requires a high removal ratio of leukocytes and with simultaneous high recovery ratio of platelets and other beneficial components. Problems are often encountered with blood filter materials in terms of high platelet loss. Zwitterions such as phosphorylcholine, sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine show effective resistance against protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. The study reported was aimed at achieving surface modification of poly(butylene terephthalate) non‐woven fabric (PBTNF) using UV radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of a zwitterionic sulfobetaine, N‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐N‐methacroyloxyethyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonium betaine (SMDB), in order to improve the wettability and platelet recovery ratio of the PBTNF. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that SMDB was successfully grafted onto the PBTNF. Photoinitiator concentration, monomer concentration and UV irradiation time affected markedly the degree of grafting. Critical wetting surface tension, water wetting time and hemolysis tests showed an improvement in wettability and blood compatibility as a result of graft copolymerization of SMDB. A blood filter material composed of SMDB‐modified PBTNF reduced platelet adhesion and had higher platelet recovery compared to poly(acrylic acid)‐modified PBTNF. It was found that SMDB monomer was successfully grafted onto PBTNF using UV radiation. The degree of grafting of SMDB could be controlled by varying the photoinitiator concentration, monomer concentration and UV irradiation time. SMDB‐modified PBTNF showed significant improvement in wettability and blood compatibility. The zwitterionic structure of SMDB is resistant to platelet adhesion. The SMDB‐modified PBTNF could be a candidate for a blood filter material and in other medical applications. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cleavable surfactants

Cleavable surfactants are of interest for several reasons. Above all, the development of surfactants with weak bonds deliberately built into the structure is driven by the need for improved biodegradability of amphiphiles. The breakdown may be catalyzed by enzymes, and biodegradation would be the normal mechanism in sewage plants. Alternatively, the surfactant may degrade by chemical means, e.g., induced by acid, alkali, ultraviolet (UV) light, heat, or ozone. Acid- and alkali-labile surfactants have attracted particular attention, and there is often a compromise between required stability at one stage and ease of breakdown at a subsequent stage. The paper reviews the main routes used to prepare cleavable surfactants and points out advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Emphasis is placed on the development during recent years. Cyclic and acyclic acetals, ketals, and ortho esters are the most important types of bonds for the preparation of acid-labile surfactants, whereas alkali-labile amphiphiles usually are based on ester bonds. The ester bond approach has been particularly important for cationic surfactants, and so-called ester quats have rapidly taken a large share of the traditional market for quats. Betaine esters constitute a special class of ester with very pronounced pH dependence. UV-labile surfactants based, for instance, on an azo bond, offer promise for the future.     

新型甜菜碱型沥青乳化剂的合成与性能测试

目的在于合成一种新型甜菜碱阳离子沥青乳化剂.方法是采用烷基二胺、环氧丙烷和氯乙酸为原料,经两步反应合成出N,N-(2-羟基丙基)(乙酸基)-N′-十八烷基丙撑二胺盐酸盐.利用红外光谱对产物结构进行了鉴定.详细研究了合成条件对反应的影响,得出了合成最佳工艺条件.乳化性能测试表明：该乳化剂具有很好的乳化能力,是一种慢裂快凝型沥青乳化剂.利用表面张力法,测定了该乳化剂的临界胶束浓度为1.52×10-4mol／L,在临界胶束浓度下的表面张力为39.25×10-3N／m.     

磺基甜菜碱的合成及其在水包油乳化钻井液中的应用

水包油乳化钻井液作为一种重要的低密度水基钻井液体系,在低压油气层钻探中有着较为广泛的应用,针对目前该体系在深部地层使用过程中出现的抗温能力不足的问题,室内通过一步反应合成了不同碳链数的磺基甜菜碱,测定了其在高温处理后的表面性能变化情况,并将其引入水包油乳化钻井液中。实验结果表明,配制得到的钻井液性能良好,乳化稳定性好,在经过180~210℃热滚动16 h后,体系黏度、切力仍处于合理范围,高温高压滤失量均小于20 mL,满足基本要求;体系稳定性较好,无析油破乳现象发生;且具备一定的抗污染能力,抗水污染达15%,抗柴油污染达15%,抗钻屑污染达15%,抗盐污染达2%,因而能够满足深部低压油气层钻井的要求。      

可裂解的表面活性剂(英)(待续)

可裂解的表面活性剂值得关注有几方面的原因。首先,弱键联接的表面活性剂分子结构迎合了改善两亲性物质生物降解能力的发展趋势。裂解可以被酶催化,其生物降解作用可能与污水处理的一般发机理相符合。另外,这些表面活性剂也可以妥,例如,用酸、碱、此一（ＵＶ）、热或臭氧诱发降解反应,对酸、碱不稳定的表面活性剂已引起特别关注,因为在初始步骤所需的稳定性与其在后续步骤中应易裂解并不冲突。综述了制可裂解性表面活性剂的主     

甜菜碱提高LO2细胞中抗氧化酶的表达水平

该研究探究了甜菜碱(BET)对人正常肝细胞LO2细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)mRNA水平的影响及机制。使用实时荧光定量、蛋白质免疫印迹和酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞内抗氧化酶的mRNA水平,以及Nrf2-Keap1-ARE通路的相关指标。经不同浓度的BET处理12 h后,LO2细胞中SOD、GPx和CAT的mRNA水平显著提高,最高分别提高了1.08、0.51、0.88倍(p<0.05);经250μmol/L BET处理后,LO2细胞核中可与ARE区域结合的Nrf2蛋白水平和细胞内总的NRF2蛋白水平分别显著提高了1.21、0.80倍(p<0.05);经Nrf2蛋白抑制剂鸦胆子苦醇处理后,BET对三种抗氧化酶mRNA水平的提高作用完全丧失;进一步地分析表明,BET并未显著提高Nrf2蛋白的mRNA和磷酸化水平,但将Keap1的mRNA和蛋白质水分别降低了38.21%和49.15%(p<0.05)。这些结果表明,BET可通过降低Keap1的水平激活Nrf2-Keap1-ARE通路,进而提高抗氧化酶的mRNA水平。