有色金属工业含砷污染物处理研究进展

综述了有色金属工业砷污染物的来源及其无害化处理的方法,分析了包封固砷(水泥固化和玻璃固化)和矿物固砷(钙盐、铝盐、镁盐、硫化沉淀法)的优缺点和局限性,重点对将砷以臭葱石形式进行安全处理的合成方法和浸出稳定性的研究现状进行阐述。分析表明,晶态臭葱石合成是将砷以臭葱石形式进行安全处置的基础,稳定性是关键,进一步降低溶液过饱和度以实现大尺寸、高稳定性臭葱石的合成是发展方向。     

操作窗口对排风柜污染物控制效果影响的实验研究

为提升排风柜的控污能力,在排风柜性能测试实验台上,采用示踪气体测试法和正交试验法,研究了操作窗口竖直开度、水平开度、面风速和操作窗口位置对排风柜前呼吸区污染物控制效果的影响。极差分析和方差分析结果表明:各因素对呼吸区污染物控制效果影响的强弱顺序依次为竖直开度、水平开度、面风速、操作窗口位置;操作窗口水平开度、竖直开度增大,排风柜对呼吸区的污染物控制效果减弱;面风速增大,控制效果增强;水平开度与竖直开度对控制浓度的影响存在较大的相关性,这2个因素对控制浓度的影响仅在另一因素达到一定水平后才能体现。     

排除人员活动区内人体释放污染物的有效通风方式--置换通风

分析了置换通风和混合通风的原理。基于气流分布特性和双层模型理论，比较了这两种通风方式的排污能力。对办公室、会议室及体育馆置换通风系统的通风效率进行了实测。结合人体释放污染物的气流运动特性，指出以排除人员活动区内人体释放污染物为目的时，置换通风较混合通风更为有效。     

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.     

黏土垫层水力–力学–化学耦合模型研究

在城市固废堆场建造运维、污染场地土壤、地下水围封阻隔等环境岩土、污染防治领域中,均会涉及到土体力学行为、孔隙水流动以及污染物运移之间的耦合作用问题。将土体的固结变形分为由力学荷载引起的力学固结变形及由化学荷载引起的化学–渗透固结变形,引入广义达西定律,并考虑土体物理特性和输运性质的动态变化,通过理论推导建立了适用于堆场黏土防渗垫层的水力–力学–化学耦合模型,模型最大的特点是实现了土体固结变形、孔隙流体流动与污染物运移过程之间的全耦合,各模型参数均能够体现耦合效应的影响。采用多场耦合有限元分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics对所建模型进行数值验证和求解,模拟结果表明:所建模型可从机理上描述水力–力学–化学全耦合过程,模拟结果与Peters和Smith模拟结果吻合较好,能够正确揭示超孔隙水压力、污染物浓度时空分布及土体固结变形的演化规律。     

浅析海洋石油工业中钛合金的焊接方法

基于对钛合金焊接方法的论述,指出了大部分适合钛合金焊接方法的生产步骤、所需设备及在生产过程中所能遇见的问题,详细分析了问题产生的原因以及相应的一些解决方法。通过比较得出各种焊接方法在实际应用中的优缺点,从而帮助广大焊接工作者尤其是海洋石油工业的焊接人员根据不同情况选用针对钛合金的不同焊接方式。     

Hydrocarbon stress response of four tropical plants in weathered crude oil contaminated soil in microcosms

Responses to hydrocarbon stress of four tropical plants Panicum maximum, Zea mays, Centrosema sp. and Pueraria sp. grown in crude oil contaminated soils (1%, 5% and 10% w/w) were evaluated in a green house. Plants’ percentage survival, shoot heights, biomass development, and phytotoxicity susceptibility were used as indicators of growth, stress response and hydrocarbon tolerance. Relative to control, shoot heights and biomass of plants reduced with increasing hydrocarbon concentration, but 1% w/w oil-in-soil, stimulated shoot heights (5.9% and 6.4%) and weights (21.9% and 2.3%) in P. maximum and Centrosema sp. respectively. P. maximum tolerated the contaminant stress with biomass yields of 113% and 57% of control respectively in 1% and 10% w/w oil-in-soil. All the plants had 100% survival in 1% w/w, but considerably reduced survival in 10% w/w oil-in-soil. These results show that P. maximum has great potential for phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soil.     

Hierarchical porous metal-organic frameworks/polymer microparticles for enhanced catalytic degradation of organic contaminants

This work reports on a simple microfluidic strategy to controllably fabricate uniform polymeric microparticles containing hierarchical porous structures integrated with highly accessible catalytic metal organic frameworks for efficient degradation of organic contaminants. Monodisperse (W1/O)/W2 emulsion droplets generated from microfluidics are used as templates for the microparticle synthesis. The emulsion droplets contain tiny water microdroplets from homogenization and water nanodroplets from diffusion-induced swollen micelles as the dual pore-forming templates, and Fe-based metal-organic framework nanorods as the nanocatalysts. The obtained microparticles possess interconnected hierarchical porous structures decorated with highly accessible Fe-based metal-organic framework nanorods for enhanced degradation of organic contaminants via a heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction. Such a degradation performance is highlighted by using these microparticles for efficient degradation of rhodamine B in hydrogen peroxide solution. This work provides a simple and general strategy to flexibly combine hierarchical porous structures and catalytic metal-organic frameworks to engineer advanced microparticles for water decontamination.     

衰减源作用下固结压力及吸附参数对污染物运移规律的影响

固结变形会导致粘土防渗层的结构特性和渗透特性发生改变,影响渗流场和浓度场的分布,进而影响污染物在防渗层中的运移规律。在比奥固结理论的基础上,考虑线性吸附模式,研究了污染物在小变形土体中的运移规律,分析了衰减源作用下,固结压力与线性吸附系数对污染物运移过程的影响。结果表明,与不考虑固结作用相比,固结作用延迟了污染物的运移,使得污染物运移深度减小,并且随着固结压力的增大,固结作用对污染物运移的延迟作用逐渐增强;在线性吸附模式情况下,污染物运移深度减小率随着吸附系数的减小逐渐增大,说明固结作用对污染物运移的延迟作用随着吸附系数的减小而越来越凸显。     

Laplace变换求解成层土中污染物一维扩散问题

成层土中污染物的迁移规律较为复杂,将其简化为一维扩散模型。运用Laplace变换和Laplace数值逆变换方法进行了求解,编制了计算程序。计算结果可以退化到单层土的情况,结论与经典的理论解完全一致。通过与现有用数值软件计算结果的对比,检验了解答的正确性;采用的计算方法对一室内试验结果进行了模拟,计算结果和实测数据较为吻合,证明所提方法的可靠性。求解方法可用于求解更为复杂的边界条件下的污染物迁移问题。