Metal-doped carbon aerogels as catalysts during ozonation processes in aqueous solutions

The efficiency of Co(II)-, Mn(II)-, and Ti(IV)-doped carbon aerogels for the transformation of ozone into (*)OH radicals was investigated. The carbon aerogels had a markedly acid surface character (pH(PZC approximately equal) congruent with 3-4) with very high surface oxygen concentrations (O approximately equal with 20%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the samples showed the oxidation state of the metals was +2 for Co and Mn and +4 for Ti. The presence of Mn(II)-doped carbon aerogel enhanced ozone transformation into (*)OH radicals, whereas the presence of Co(II) and Ti(IV) carbon aerogels presented no activity in this process. Moreover, it was observed that an increase in the concentration of Mn in the surface of the aerogel increases its efficiency to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals, with an Rct value ([OH]/[O(3)]) of 5.36 x 10(-8) for the aerogel doped with 16% of surface Mn(II) compared to an R(ct) of 2.68 x 10(-9) for conventional ozonation. Regardless of the aerogel used, XPS analysis of the ozonated aerogel samples showed an increase in the concentration of surface oxygen when the exposure to ozone was longer. However, presence of oxidized metal species after ozone treatment was only detected in the case of the Mn-doped aerogel, (Mn(III) and Mn(IV)). CO(2) activation of carbon aerogel produced a marked increase in its efficiency to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals compared with non-activated sample. The efficiency of Mn activated carbon aerogel to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals was greater than that of Witco commercial activated carbon or H(2)O(2) in the ozonation of water from Lake Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland).     

Efficiency of activated carbon to transform ozone into *OH radicals: influence of operational parameters

Based on previous findings (Jans, U., Hoigné, J., 1998. Ozone Sci. Eng. 20, 67-87), the activity of activated carbon for the transformation of ozone into *OH radicals including the influence of operational parameters (carbon dose, ozone dose, carbon-type and carbon treatment time) was quantified. The ozone decomposition constant (k(D)) was increased by the presence of activated carbon in the system and depending on the type of activated carbon added, the ratio of the concentrations of *OH radicals and ozone, the R(ct) value ([*OH]/[O3]), was increased by a factor 3-5. The results obtained show that the surface chemical and textural characteristics of the activated carbon determines its activity for the transformation of ozone into *OH radicals. The most efficient carbons in this process are those with high basicity and large surface area. The obtained results show that the interaction between ozone and pyrrol groups present on the surface of activated carbon increase the concentration of O2*- radicals in the system, enhancing ozone transformation into *OH radicals. The activity of activated carbon decreases for extended ozone exposures. This may indicate that activated carbon does not really act as a catalyst but rather as a conventional initiator or promoter for the ozone transformation into *OH radicals. Ozonation of Lake Zurich water ([O3] = 1 mg/L) in presence of activated carbon (0.5 g/L) lead to an increase in the k(D) and R(ct) value by a factor of 10 and 39, respectively, thereby favouring the removal of ozone-resistant contaminants. Moreover, the presence of activated carbon during ozonation of Lake Zurich water led to a 40% reduction in the content of dissolved organic carbon during the first 60 min of treatment. The adsorption of low concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on activated carbon surfaces did not modify its capacity to initiate/promote ozone transformation into *OH radicals.     

微系统封装热问题探讨

电子机械系统微型化就是把不同功能的各种元器件封装到紧密空间, 目的在于分析有关封装设计负载下降的方案. 采用计算机程序配置发生器生成系统的热传递路径的几何构造和平面基板上热分布作为样本的方法,把这些构造的温度解决方案压缩进入快速估计公式中,使封装设计能够自由地进行相关的热传递分析. 通过涉及到几何学方面复杂的传热路径的系统热传递分析,快速完成每个设计改变. 结果表明系统微型化热设计,就是系统构造和整个向周围环境热损耗之间的耦合,就是热通过自然对流和辐射,从系统外壳上的一个区域向周围扩散. 最后得出结论,外壳材料热传导性跨越的参数领域,以及系统的性能长度为系统级热传递领域,对系统的构造敏感.性能长度对塑料封装系统而言约为1cm,对陶瓷及合金封装约为3~10cm,在铜或铝金属包层系统为10~40 cm.     

磨齿机在机检测机构几何误差链建模与补偿

由于几何误差的影响,现有研究主要考虑末端机构或关键运动轴几何误差补偿,尚缺逐次补偿运动轴几何误差。为了避免形成在机检测机构几何误差链而产生误差累积效应,有效提升在机检测精度。根据自主研发卧式磨齿机在机检测原理,基于多刚体系统运动学和齐次坐标变换理论,建立在机检测机构几何误差链模型。逐次识别并补偿几何误差链中运动轴几何误差后,进行了磨齿机标准样板齿轮检测实验。结果表明:误差补偿前后,齿向精度均为4级;误差补偿后,齿形精度提高4个等级,为4级精度,与格里森检测实验结果相吻合。结果验证了模型的正确性,有望在磨齿机高精度在机检测系统中推广使用。     

复合式减温技术在35 t/h 电站锅炉减温器改造上的应用

主汽超温是中小容量电站锅炉经常出现的问题，通过理论计算分析和冷态试验，提出了一种应用复合式减温技术对35 t/h 电站锅炉减温器进行改造的新方法，成功解决了主汽超温问题。此方法不仅简单易行，而且效果显著，为解决中小容量电站锅炉主汽超温问题提供了有益的参考。     

Numerical studies of a tube-in-tube helically coiled heat exchanger

In the present study a tube-in-tube helically coiled (TTHC) heat exchanger has been numerically modeled for fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for different fluid flow rates in the inner as well as outer tube. The three-dimensional governing equations for mass, momentum and heat transfer have been solved using a control volume finite difference method (CVFDM). The renormalization group (RNG) k–com/scidirimg/entities/25b.gif" alt="var epsilon" title="var epsilon" border="0"> model is used to model the turbulent flow and heat transfer in the TTHC heat exchanger. The fluid considered in the inner tube is compressed air at higher pressure and cooling water in the outer tube at ambient conditions. The inner tube pressure is varied from 10 to 30 bars. The Reynolds numbers for the inner tube ranged from 20,000 to 70,000. The mass flow rate in the outer tube is varied from 200 to 600 kg/h. The outer tube is fitted with semicircular plates to support the inner tube and also to provide high turbulence in the annulus region. The overall heat transfer coefficients are calculated for both parallel and counter flow configurations. The Nusselt number and friction factor values in the inner and outer tubes are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. New empirical correlations are developed for hydrodynamic and heat-transfer predictions in the outer tube of the TTHC.     

The study on the conductivity of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene glycol)400 and LiClO4

Polyelectrolytes, in this study were synthesized from styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)400 (PEG400), and lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and com/content/image/1-s2.0-S001346860400180X-si3.gif"> magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR were used to monitor the interaction between Li⁺ ions and polymer. The results of FTIR and com/content/image/1-s2.0-S001346860400180X-si4.gif"> MAS solid-state NMR indicate the Li⁺ ions are preferentially coordinated to the ether oxygen of PEG. The T_g of the PEG segments in polyelectrolyte increases with LiClO₄ concentration, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicating that solubility of the Li⁺ ions in the host polymer increases with the PEG content. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) shows that the bulk conductivity of polyelectrolytes and the conductivity behavior obeys the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation.     

Rapid antioxidant capacity screening in herbal extracts using a simple flow injection-spectrophotometric system

A simple flow injection (FI)-spectrophotometric system for the screening of antioxidant capacity in herbal extracts was developed. The analysis was based on the color disappearance due to the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical by antioxidant compounds. DPPH^{com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg">} and ascorbic acid were used as reagent and antioxidant standard, respectively. Effects of the DPPH^{com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg">} concentration, DPPH^{com/sd/entities/rad" class="glyphImg">} flow rate, and reaction coil length on sensitivity were studied. The optimized condition provided the linear range of 0.010-0.300 mM ascorbic acid with less than 5%RSD_(n = 10). Detection limit and quantitation limit were 0.004 and 0.013 mM, respectively. Comparison of antioxidant capacity in some herbal extracts determined by the FI system and a standard method was carried out and no significant difference was obtained.     

Cytoprotective effects of geraniin against peroxynitrite- and peroxyl radical-induced cell death via free radical scavenging activity

The role of natural antioxidants in combating the deleterious effects of free radicals has received much attention. In the present study, the cytoprotective effects and the free radical scavenging activity of geraniin, a hydrolysable ellagitannin from Nephelium lappaceum rind, were evaluated by using various approaches. Addition of geraniin to the culture media resulted in a profound cytoprotective effect against damages induced by the peroxynitrite generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and the peroxyl radical generator 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Geraniin exhibits more potent cytoprotective activity than that of 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). Geraniin exhibited potent antioxidant activity against reactive species, such as nitric oxide, superoxide anion, and chemically synthesized peroxynitrite. Kinetic analysis of reactivity against peroxyl radicals generated by AAPH revealed that geraniin possesses potent reactivity against peroxyl radicals with higher stoichiometric number than Trolox. The cytoprotective effect of geraniin was only observed when geraniin and these toxic compounds were co-existing, suggesting that geraninn exhibits cytoprotective effects via free radical scavenging activity in the extracellular fluid.     

一种新的快速智能电子稳像方法

设计了一种适用于移动摄像设备获取视频序列的快速电子稳像方法，较好地解决了抖动自动检测和准确补偿问题。首先，通过改进的图像插补算法估计出帧间全局运动参数，设置判别条件，进行抖动检测；然后对发生抖动的序列进行图像补偿，包括抖动补偿和局部运动补偿，从而得到稳定的视频序列。真实视频序列的稳像处理结果验证了抖动检测方法的可行性以及算法。实验结果和算法分析表明，该方法增强了电子稳像系统的智能性。