生物保鲜剂对提高鲜切荔枝果肉冰温贮藏品质的效果

研究了冰温贮藏条件下,乳酸链球菌素Nisin和溶菌酶2种生物保鲜剂对鲜切荔枝果肉冰温贮藏品质的影响。通过测定2种生物保鲜剂不同浓度及组合对鲜切荔枝果肉菌落总数、霉菌和酵母数、褐变度及多酚氧化酶活性变化可知,与对照组相比,经0.05%乳酸链球菌素和溶菌酶浸泡预处理可显著降低鲜切荔枝果肉贮藏期间菌落总数及霉菌和酵母的增加幅度;乳酸链球菌素对细菌的抑制效果优于溶菌酶,而溶菌酶对霉菌和酵母菌的抑制效果优于乳酸链球菌素,且溶菌酶对果肉有一定的护色作用。2种生物保鲜剂复配处理的综合效果优于单独处理,其中0.025%nisin+0.025%溶菌酶复合处理的抑菌效果和保持鲜切荔枝果肉色泽的效果均优于其他处理。     

响应面法优化山药鱼肉饼的生物抑菌保鲜剂配方

研究了生物保鲜剂对山药鱼肉饼的抑菌效果。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法分析了壳聚糖、乳酸钠、乳酸链球菌素对山药鱼肉饼抑菌保鲜作用的影响,建立了二次回归方程,得到复合生物抑菌保鲜剂的最优配方为:壳聚糖0.35%、乳酸钠4.0%、乳酸链球菌素250 mg/kg,添加此配方保鲜剂的山药鱼饼冷藏10 d测得细菌生长对数值为2.56。     

复合保鲜剂结合冰温对大菱鲆鱼片品质的影响

以大菱鲆鱼片作为试验对象,探究不同复合天然保鲜剂结合冰温对大菱鲆鱼片保鲜效果的影响。将乳酸链球菌素、茶多酚、溶菌酶、纳他霉素、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠按照最佳单一比例复配得到不同复合保鲜剂,与蒸馏水分别处理大菱鲆鱼片,并放在-0.7℃冰温下贮藏。通过指标测定,综合评价贮藏过程中大菱鲆鱼肉品质的变化。结果表明,试验组2(0.03%乳酸链球菌素+0.60%纳他霉素+1.00%壳聚糖)处理后的大菱鲆鱼片感官评价分数、弹性值、咀嚼性和汁液流失率下降缓慢,p H值、粘性和菌落总数上升缓慢,电子鼻分析结果与贮藏期鱼肉的品质变化相吻合。试验组2保鲜效果最佳,可延长大菱鲆鱼肉的货架期6 d～9 d。     

正交设计优化冷鲜鸡肉天然防腐剂保鲜工艺研究

对天然保鲜剂茶多酚、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)应用于冷鲜鸡肉保鲜进行了研究。通过单因素实验,以感官评价、TVB-N值、pH值和细菌总数为评价标准,分别得出三种保鲜剂的最佳抑菌浓度分别是0.20%、0.08%和0.04%,且每组单因素的贮藏时间均为8d。在此基础上对三者进行复合保鲜,通过正交实验,得到最佳保鲜工艺条件为:茶多酚浓度为0.20%、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)浓度为0.07%、ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)浓度为0.04%。在此保鲜条件下,冷鲜鸡肉贮藏时间可延长至12d。     

复合天然保鲜剂对低温酱鸭保鲜效果的研究

以低温酱鸭为原料，通过对6种天然保鲜剂进行筛选，选出4种抑菌效果较好的，进一步进行组合实验，根据抑菌率得出抑制酱鸭腐败菌的最佳组合为壳聚糖2．00％、乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）0．01％、茶多酚1．00％、桂皮2．40％。采用此最佳组合的复合天然保鲜剂对酱鸭进行保鲜实验，定期测定其微生物指标和理化指标，结果表明利用优选的组合保鲜剂保鲜，加上真空包装、低温水浴杀菌，可使酱鸭保质期冷藏达2-3个月。     

冷鲜鸡肉抑菌剂筛选及保鲜效果研究

目的筛选出最优的天然抑菌剂并探究抑菌剂对冷鲜鸡肉的保鲜效果。方法以鸡肉主要腐败菌为研究对象,比较茶多酚、山竹多酚和乳酸链球菌素对鸡肉腐败菌的抑菌活性,筛选出适合的冷鲜鸡抑菌剂。利用筛选的抑菌剂溶液浸泡鸡肉,从肉的pH、出汁率、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和细菌总数等评价其对鸡肉冷藏品质的影响。结果山竹多酚/乳酸链球菌素复配液(山乳复配液)和茶多酚/乳酸链球菌素复配液(茶乳复配液)比单一抑菌活性好,均呈现浓度效应关系。在整个贮藏期间,鸡胸肉的pH值、出汁率、TVB-N值、菌落总数与对照组相比有显著差异,2种复配抑菌液均有一定的保鲜效果,且山乳复配液抑菌的保鲜效果较好。结论0.4%山竹多酚和1.2‰乳酸链球菌素的复配保鲜液对冷鲜肉的保鲜抑菌效果最好。     

复合生物保鲜剂对番茄酱防腐保鲜效果研究

针对现有番茄酱易褐变、营养素丧失、风味降低、微生物侵染等问题,以市售番茄酱为试材,研究生物保鲜剂纳他霉素、乳酸链球菌素复合添加处理在常温贮藏期间番茄酱品质特性的变化规律。结果表明,与未经保鲜剂处理组相比,两种保鲜剂单一或复合使用均有抑菌保鲜效果,其中,Nisin的防腐保鲜效果优于纳他霉素,0.05%纳他霉素+0.05%Nisin复合保鲜剂处理效果最佳,能有效抑制番茄酱的褐变程度,BI抑制率降低36%,延缓Vc、可溶性固形物、番茄红素含量的下降,显著抑制菌落总数的增加,有效维持番茄酱的营养价值。     

响应面法优化酱油肉复合保鲜剂配方

为明确酱油肉常温贮藏的最佳保鲜配方,以温州酱油肉为原料,用大蒜素、茶多酚和生姜提取液3 种天然植物保鲜剂浸渍处理,在常温条件（20～25 ℃）下贮藏9 d,以酱油肉的感官评分、挥发性盐基氮含量和菌落总数为指标进行综合评价。结果表明：响应面法优化试验确定常温贮藏条件下用于酱油肉保鲜的天然复合保鲜剂最佳配方为大蒜素质量浓度1.48 g/100 mL、茶多酚质量浓度3.14 g/100mL、生姜提取液体积分数40.04%,且复合保鲜剂的抑菌保鲜效果明显优于单一保鲜剂。     

乳酸、乳酸钠与Nisin复合对冷却羊肉的保鲜效果

用乳酸、乳酸钠与Nisin复合保鲜剂对冷却羊肉进行处理,自封袋包装后在4±1℃的环境中贮藏,测其在贮藏期间的菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、p H和感官评分,用权重对不同配比的保鲜液对冷却羊肉的保鲜效果进行综合评估,并在此基础上进行优化。结果表明:乳酸浓度0.15%、乳酸钠浓度0.3%、乳酸链球菌素浓度为0.05%时保鲜效果最佳,该处理下的样品在贮藏20 d时各项品质指标仍能保持在鲜肉范围内。     

冷鲜牛肉复合保鲜剂的筛选与优化

为避免冷鲜牛肉储藏期间微生物污染而发生的腐败变质,延长其货架期,本文以冷鲜牛肉为研究对象,采用二倍稀释法、棋盘稀释法测定了不同保鲜剂的最小抑菌浓度及两两之间的协同效果,筛选出4种天然保鲜剂。以冷藏牛肉TVB-N值为检测指标,无菌蒸馏水处理的冷藏牛肉为对照组,采用四因素三水平的响应面试验优化了四种天然保鲜剂复配协同保鲜工艺,并以未经保鲜剂处理的冷藏牛肉为对照,进行了最佳复合天然保鲜剂对冷藏牛肉保鲜效果的研究。结果表明:最优配方为聚赖氨酸109.5 mg/kg、乳酸链球菌258.0 mg/kg、茶多酚152.0 mg/kg、壳聚糖130.0 mg/kg,可将冷鲜牛肉货架期从6 d延长至18 d。本实验筛选优化出的复合保鲜剂,为冷鲜牛肉保鲜剂的合理使用提供技术参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.