黄酒生产中的主要过敏原及风险管理

食品过敏问题已成为食品安全问题,有效的隔离是解决致敏人群身体过敏的有效途径。通过对黄酒主要消费国/地区过敏原法令法规标识的要求梳理,结合黄酒生产加工过程中所使用到的原辅料情况,识别了黄酒生产中存在含麸质的谷类——小麦及其制品如麦曲、黄酒醪液、黄酒糟等过敏原。并分别从原辅材料处理的控制、生产加工过程的控制、人员培训、标识规范及产品的追溯和召回5个方面提出了合理控制食品过敏原交叉污染的措施。     

食品过敏原标签要求及生产过程控制初探

食品过敏已成为世界关注的重大公共卫生学和食品安全问题。食品过敏原是引起食品过敏的直接诱因,具有耐加工和交叉反应的特性。国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission,CAC)规定了必须在食品标签中标注的8种可能引起过敏反应的食品及其配料,包括含有麸质的谷类、甲壳动物及其制品、鸡蛋及其制品、鱼类及其制品、花生、大豆及其制品、奶和奶制品(包括乳糖)、坚果及其制品、浓度不低于10 mg/kg的亚硫酸盐。欧盟、美国、日本、澳大利亚和新西兰等已根据国际食品法典委员会对过敏原的要求出台强制性标识食品过敏原的法规,这在一定程度上对我国出口食品企业造成了影响。本文通过对比CAC以及欧盟、中国、美国、日本、澳大利亚和新西兰等地有关过敏原标签的要求,提醒出口食品加工企业减少因标签不合格造成的经济损失,并为其在生产加工过程中过敏原的控制提出建议。     

美国消费者要求FDA将芝麻纳入过敏原管理

<正>应部分美国消费者要求,美国公共事务科学中心(CSPI)要求FDA将芝麻籽及其制品纳入过敏原成分进行管理。公共事务科学中心认为,芝麻过敏人群在食用芝麻产品后身体会出现致命的反应,因此对于这类食品需在配料表中标识芝麻过敏原。据报道,目前全美约有50万消费者对芝麻及其制品过敏,美国现行标示管理法规对牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼、甲壳类水产     

花生过敏原在加工中的变化

简述了花生中主要的过敏原Arah1、Arah2、Arah3和Arah4的一般特征及其所存在的与IgE结合的表位特征,详细介绍了焙烤、风干、水煮和煎炸等加热方法及酶解、研磨、发芽和压榨等加工工艺对花生过敏原的影响,为开发无过敏或低过敏性花生制品提供了一定的科学依据。     

芝麻过敏原分子特征与检测方法研究进展

食物过敏已成为全世界范围存在的公共健康问题,芝麻是一种常见的食物过敏原,对芝麻过敏原的研究日渐深入。目前,芝麻中已确定的过敏原蛋白有7 种（Ses i 1～Ses i 7）。本文综述了近几年来各国对芝麻过敏原的管理规定、芝麻过敏原蛋白的结构特征、加工过程对其结构及致敏性影响、检测方法等方面的研究进展,以期为采用不同工艺、方法消除或降低芝麻过敏原的致敏性提供理论参考,也为过敏原标签标识的实施提供理论依据。最后,本文总结了芝麻过敏原的研究现状并对未来研究趋势进行了展望。     

原料及热处理对花生致敏性的影响

花生过敏严重影响健康。简述花生中主要过敏原的一般特征,详细介绍了原料及热风干燥、蒸煮、煎炸和焙烤等热处理对花生致敏性的影响,为研究和开发无过敏或低过敏性花生制品提供了一定的科学依据。     

明年起食品包装需标注“过敏原”以警示消费者

据中国之声《央广新闻》报道,一些消费者在吃东西的时候会出现过敏反应,这是因为食品中存在一些消费者不知道的“过敏原”。根据2012年实施的《预包装食品标签通则》要求,明年起,食品包装上必须标注”过敏原”。《预包装食品标签通则》中列举了八类可能引发过敏的产品,比方说含有麸质的谷物及其制品如小麦、黑麦、大麦等,还有甲壳纲类动物及其制品如虾、龙虾、蟹,还有鱼类及其制品,蛋类及其制品,花生及其制品,     

欧盟食品中过敏原标识的管理及对我国的启示

食品中过敏原的标识管理越来越受到人们的重视,欧盟对于食品中过敏原标识的管理比较成熟。本文通过梳理欧盟食品中过敏原标识的管理机构、标签指令的修订过程和交叉污染的管理情况,并对比我国食品中过敏原的标识管理现状,对我国食品过敏原标识管理中的不足进行总结,主要包括食品中过敏原标识法规、标准不完善,过敏原的风险评估工作甚少,交叉污染管理法规尚属空白以及消费者对过敏原的认识程度不高。本文结合欧盟的管理经验,为完善我国食品中过敏原的标识管理提出相关建议。     

花生(油)中黄曲霉毒素的污染、控制与消除

黄曲霉毒素是目前已知的毒性最强的致癌物之一,在富含油料的种子中污染较严重。从调查的原料花生和花生油中黄曲霉毒素的污染情况出发,对国内外花生及其油品中黄曲霉毒素限量和检测方法进行分析,并从花生原料的筛选与脱毒、贮藏与加工过程控制以及成品花生油黄曲霉毒素的脱除3个方面,综述了国内外近年来对花生油中黄曲霉毒素控制与消除方法,以期对国内花生油及其制品控制、消除黄曲霉毒素污染提供参考。     

食品中花生过敏原及其检测方法的研究进展

花生是常见的过敏原之一,能够引起严重的过敏反应。由于缺乏明确的治疗花生过敏的方法,只能让花生过敏患者尽量避免食入含有花生的食物。但在实际的生产过程中,食品加工往往需要经过复杂的生产工艺,会造成食品之间的交叉污染,部分食品难以准确判断是否含有花生过敏原。因此对于食品中花生过敏原的检测方法的开发就显得尤为重要。本文主要对花生中过敏原的种类及其检测方法的研究进展进行了综述,主要对以下几种方法做了介绍,包括酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)、免疫印迹法、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)等,以及新兴的生物传感器和质谱法,并对检测方法的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Undeclared allergenic ingredients in foods from animal origin: survey of an Italian region's food market, 2007–2009

Several EC Directives have been promulgated to protect allergic individuals but no rule has been established with regard to allergen cross-contamination caused by shared transport vehicles or common processing equipment. The aim of this research was to quantify, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or real-time polymerase chain reaction, the presence in meat- or fish-based foods of four allergens (milk, egg, crustaceans and molluscs) that was not indicated either in the list of ingredients or in the label alert. In the time frame of 2007–2009, a total of 723 samples were subjected to 1983 analyses. The percentage of samples scoring positive ranged between 1.8% and 6.8% over the 3 years, and the concentrations of undeclared allergens found were 0.3–13.3?mg?kg^?1 for milk (β-lactoglobulin) and 0.21–12?mg?kg^?1 for egg white proteins. On this basis, the possibility of cross-contamination serious enough to raise public health concern cannot be dismissed.     

Two quantitative hexaplex real-time PCR systems for the detection and quantification of DNA from twelve allergens in food

According to the EU and Swiss legislation, allergens in food have to be labelled. Consumers, exhibiting allergic reaction, must be able to avoid such food and its products. In order to provide efficient and reliable methods, two novel hexaplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction systems were developed and validated. The first system simultaneously determines DNA contents from cashew, peanut, hazelnut, celery, soy, mustard, whereas the second system determines DNA contents from milk (beef), egg (chicken), almonds, sesame, pistachio and walnut. The two tests exhibited a good specificity and a detection limit of at least 0.1?% for all analytes. This was additionally verified using samples from proficiency tests. Application on samples from the market revealed realistic and useful information about allergen contents. Quantitative results according to weight are not possible yet.     

Food matrix standards for the quantification of allergenic food ingredients using real-time PCR

For the quantification of food allergens by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), food matrix standards with defined levels of spiked allergenic food ingredients can be used. The production and homogeneity testing of selected materials as sausages, cookies and sauce hollandaise powder is described. Except for egg and milk, all relevant allergenic ingredients were spiked to each material. Allergens were spiked and quantified as food ingredients, for example, peanut or lupine flour, at levels of 5–400 mg/kg. Material with sufficient homogeneity could be produced even at low levels of 5–10 mg of the allergenic ingredient per kilogram. The effect of the food matrix on allergen quantification was checked. The bias caused by this effect was in an acceptable range for the tested materials. The materials produced within this study were used as samples and for calibration in inter-laboratory validation studies for the quantification of allergenic food ingredients by real-time PCR. The results of this study are a contribution how to produce such reference materials for allergen analysis in the near future. Before threshold or action values of allergens in food are set, the availability of reference materials is essential.     

食品过敏原的安全管理

本文综述了重大的相对性食品安全问题食品过敏原的特点和安全管理措施。主要阐述了食品过敏原的产生机制,主要类别和特点,检测与评价技术的发展并建议从加强标签管理、建立专业数据库、开发新产品、严格规范加工过程以及如何防范和治疗等几个方面着手来努力实现对这类食品安全问题的管理。     

Two tetraplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of DNA from eight allergens in food

According to the EU and Swiss legislation, food has to be labelled for allergens to enable allergic consumers to avoid such food and its products. To provide efficient and reliable methods, two novel quantitative multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction systems were developed and validated. They simultaneously determine DNA of peanut, hazelnut, celery, soy, egg, milk, almond and sesame, respectively. The tests exhibit good specificity and sensitivity in the range of 0.01%. Due to low DNA amounts, lower sensitivities for egg and milk were obtained. First comparisons of ELISA results with PCR results suggest a qualitative accordance, but a low correlation of quantitative results.     

蟹类水产品过敏原及其致敏性消减技术研究进展

蟹类是我国重要的经济水产品,也是诱发过敏反应的主要食物之一。因此,了解蟹类水产品过敏原种类及抗原表位,探究有效的蟹类致敏性消减技术等极为迫切。阐明蟹类水产品过敏原及其抗原表位是消减其致敏性的重要前提,概述了国内外分离鉴定的蟹类水产品过敏原,包括原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌质钙结合蛋白、磷酸丙糖异构酶、细丝蛋白c等;总结了利用生物信息学技术、噬菌体展示技术、一珠一化合物技术等定位分析蟹类水产品过敏原的线性表位和构象表位概况。比较了辐照技术、超声技术、美拉德反应技术、酶法交联技术、微生物发酵技术等现代加工处理方法,或修饰过敏原抗原表位或破坏过敏原蛋白质结构,从而消减蟹类水产品过敏原致敏性。着重分析了蟹类水产品过敏原的未来研究趋势,提出蟹类水产品过敏原结构与致敏性的构效关系解析是该领域的研究难点;对比了物理法、化学法、生物法在蟹类水产品致敏性消减方面的优缺点,提出未来重点发展复合加工处理方式,以便更大程度地降低过敏原致敏性,从而为低致敏性的蟹类食品或生物制品的开发提供技术依据。     

Effect of roasting history and buffer composition on peanut protein extraction efficiency

Peanut is a major allergenic food. Undeclared peanut (allergens) from mis-formulation or contamination during food processing pose a potential risk for sensitized individuals and must be avoided. Reliable detection and quantification methods for food allergens are necessary in order to ensure compliance with food labelling and to improve consumer protection. The extraction of proteins from allergenic foods and complex food products is an important step in any allergen detection method. In this study, the protein extraction efficiency of various buffers prepared in-house and some extraction buffers included in some commercial allergen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits for peanut determination in food products were tested. In addition, the effect of roasting history on the extractability of peanut protein was investigated by the biuret and the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assays. Elevated roasting temperatures in food processing were found to have a major impact on protein extraction efficiency by reducing protein yields of oil and dry roasted peanuts by 50-75% and 75-80%, respectively, compared with the raw material. Extraction buffers operating in the higher pH range (pH 8-11) showed best yields.     

Advanced DNA- and Protein-based Methods for the Detection and Investigation of Food Allergens

Currently, food allergies are an important health concern worldwide. The presence of undeclared allergenic ingredients or the presence of traces of allergens due to contamination during food processing poses a great health risk to sensitized individuals. Therefore, reliable analytical methods are required to detect and identify allergenic ingredients in food products. The present review addresses the recent developments regarding the application of DNA- and protein-based methods for the detection of allergenic ingredients in foods. The fitness-for-purpose of reviewed methodology will be discussed, and future trends will be highlighted. Special attention will be given to the evaluation of the potential of newly developed and promising technologies that can improve the detection and identification of allergenic ingredients in foods, such as the use of biosensors and/or nanomaterials to improve detection limits, specificity, ease of use, or to reduce the time of analysis. Such rapid food allergen test methods are required to facilitate the reliable detection of allergenic ingredients by control laboratories, to give the food industry the means to easily determine whether its product has been subjected to cross-contamination and, simultaneously, to identify how and when this cross-contamination occurred.