硅油/煤沥青乳液制备中间相炭微球

以中温煤沥青为原料,耐高温硅油为分散剂和导热介质,通过在反应釜中混合形成硅油/煤沥青乳液来制备中间相炭微球(Mesocarbon Microbeads,MCMB)。利用SEM、激光粒度仪和XRD分析等,研究了硅油用量对MCMB形成的影响。结果表明:硅油添加量对MCMB的形成有重要影响,当加入少量硅油后,MCMB粒径显著减小,分布均匀,小球表面较光滑,粘结现象减少,微晶结构得到改善,但四氢呋喃不溶物(THFI)收率降低。增加硅油用量,MCMB的粒径大小和微晶结构变化不大,小球之间粘结少,THFI收率增加,但小球表面附着小颗粒。当硅油/煤沥青的质量比为3∶1时,可得到粒径分布窄,D50为0.82μm,表面比较光滑,收率为8.2%的MCMB。     

添加对甲苯磺酸对中间相炭微球制备的影响

以中温煤沥青为原料,对甲苯磺酸为添加剂,在硅油分散体系中420℃热处理2h制备中间相炭微球,研究对甲苯磺酸用量对中间相炭微球形成的影响.利用SEM、FT-IR等方法对所得产物进行分析和表征,发现对甲苯磺酸对平面大分子芳烃的生成具有催化作用,能促进中间相炭微球的形成.在一定的热处理条件下,控制PTSA的用量,实现均相成核,能制备出球形度好、粒径均一的中间相球体.     

正交设计在溶胶-凝胶法制备单分散球形SiO_2中的研究

通过正交试验设计,用L9(43)正交表安排实验,在醇氨反应体系中采用溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备单分散球形SiO2,运用直观图和极差分析确定各主要原料对制备不同粒径SiO2的影响,优化配比。研究表明:对单分散球形SiO2的平均粒径的影响次序为:用水量、醇用量、氨水和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)用量。通过控制反应条件,可实现在一定范围内获得尺寸均一、不同粒径、分散性好的球形SiO2。制备出的单分散球形SiO2颗粒形态完整,粒径140～500nm,分布窄、单分散性好。     

硅油分散体系中间相炭微球的制备与结构研究

以煤沥青为原料,硅油为分散剂和导热介质制备出表面光滑、平均粒径小、分布均匀、收率高的中间相炭微球(MCMB).利用偏光显微镜、SEM和TEM等手段对MCMB的形貌、结构、粒径和收率进行分析.结果表明,热处理温度和保温时间对MCMB的形成有重要影响,在较低的温度350-380℃可得到MCMB,随保温时间的延长,MCMB的...     

炭化温度对中间相炭微球结构的影响

以煤沥青为原料,采用热聚合的方法,在不同的温度下制备出中间相炭微球(MCMB).通过SEM、激光粒径分析和XRD等分析手段对MCMB的表面形貌、粒径分布和微晶结构进行了分析.结果表明,随着温度的升高,MCMB的粒径变大,不同温度下制备的MCMB是由具有类似石墨结构的微晶组成的.420与450℃形成的MCMB微晶层间距d002较小,430与440℃形成的MCMB微晶层间距d002较大,随着温度的升高微晶宽度La变大.     

水热与真空冷冻干燥技术结合制备纳米CeO_2

采用水热法,结合真空冷冻干燥技术并在一定的焙烧温度条件下,成功地制得了单分散类球形CeO_2纳米粒子。用SEM、TEM及ICP等分析手段对样品进行了表征,研究了水热和焙烧温度对产物粒径、形貌的影响。结果表明:反应温度为200℃、焙烧温度为700℃下制备的纳米CeO_2粉末颗粒的粒径为55～65nm,分散性好,粒径分布均匀且呈类球形,纯度达到99.9%。     

工艺参数对液相还原法制备超细银粉形貌特征的影响

研究硝酸银浓度、抗坏血酸浓度、反应体系温度及pH值、添加剂种类及用量对液相还原法制备超细银粉形貌特征的影响,借助SEM、粒度仪、比表面仪和颗粒图像分析仪对银粉进行表征和分析。结果表明,pH值是同时影响银粉形状、粒度和分散性的显著因素,添加剂用量和抗坏血酸浓度分别是影响银粉形状及分散性的显著因素;随着pH值由2逐渐增大至10,银粉呈现由无规则多面体至棒状、类球形的形状变化,平均粒径逐渐减小;随着添加剂用量增加,银粉呈现由异形至球形、刺球型的形状变化,其用量质量分数为2.5%时颗粒球形度值最大;随着抗坏血酸浓度增加,银粉的分散性逐渐变差,其浓度为0.5 mol/L时分散性最好。     

羧基化聚苯乙烯微球的制备及其自组装行为研究

采用分散聚合法,以乙醇、水为分散介质,苯乙烯为共聚单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为稳定剂,AIBN为引发剂,丙烯酸（AA）为功能共聚单体,制备了粒径为100—1000nm羧基化聚苯乙烯微球,研究醇水比、分散剂、引发剂用量对微球粒径及分布的影响,分析微球表面形貌、粒径分布、表面羧基含量,结果表明,胶体晶体是面心立方密排结构,微球单分散性好,表面光滑,球形度好,表面羧基含量最高可达到0．206mmol／g。同时,用垂直沉积法制备出较大范围内呈现高度有序的密排结构聚苯乙烯胶体晶体。     

液相合成氧化铁红纳米微粒的表征与过程分析

以FeCl3为母盐,NaOH作沉淀剂,微量Fe(Ⅱ)作催化剂,水浴恒温下制得Fe(OH)3前驱物,液相沸腾开放体系下合成了准球形α-Fe2O3纳米粉体.用XRD、TEM、ED对其进行了表征,跟踪了加热过程中前驱物的物相变化.结果表明:阴离子的种类和浓度影响产物的形貌和粒径;前驱物的微结构是影响α-Fe2O3颗粒性能的关键因素之一;采用同时滴加的方式制备前驱物后合成的产物粒径更小,颗粒更均匀;反应30min左右即可获得晶化度好、分散性能佳、准球形的纳米颗粒.     

超细球形铜粉的制备

研究了一种新颖的球形铜粉制备方法,即先用葡萄糖还原法制备球形超细Cu2O粉末,然后用氢气还原Cu2O粉末制备球形铜粉.用葡萄糖还原Cu(Ⅱ)可以制备球形的Cu2O粒子.在240℃下用氢气还原球形Cu2O粉末,得到了分散性良好的球形铜粉,铜粉具有良好的导电性和稳定性.铜粉粒径大小和粒径分布取决于前驱体Cu2O粒子的大小和粒径分布.还原后的粉末粒径略有收缩,平均粒径为1.18μm,振实密度为2.1g/ml.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。