固体碱催化地沟油制备生物柴油工艺研究

以地沟油为原料,硫酸铁作为催化剂,通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油。酯交换反应考察醇油摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度和催化剂氢氧化钾的用量对降酸后的地沟油酯化产率的影响。结果表明:醇油摩尔比为7∶1,反应时间为40min,催化剂氢氧化钾用量为油重的1.0%,反应温度为65℃时,生物柴油得出产率含量为96.53%。     

对甲苯磺酸催化制备生物柴油的研究

本文研究了花生油与甲醇在催化剂对甲苯磺酸存在下通过单次酯交换反应制备生物柴油的最佳反应条件和两次酯交换对反应的影响.研究结果表明,催化剂用量为油脂质量的0.5%、醇油摩尔比为10∶1、反应温度为150℃、反应1.5h,单次酯交换制备生物柴油,收率可达到93.6%;总催化剂用量为0.5%(占油脂质量)、醇油摩尔比为14∶1、反应温度为150℃、反应4.0h,两次酯交换法制备生物柴油,收率可达到97.9%.     

固体碱CaO催化橡胶籽油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了固体碱CaO催化橡胶籽油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。结果表明,焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为2 h时,由CaCO3分解制得的CaO具有最高的反应活性。以此CaO为催化剂制备橡胶籽油生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:催化剂CaO用量为油质量的1.5%,反应温度65℃,醇油摩尔比为15∶1,反应时间6 h。在此反应条件下,橡胶籽油生物柴油转化率为90.70%。     

两步法催化高酸值油脂生产生物柴油的研究

以高酸值废油脂为原料,采用两步法即先用硫酸氢钠为催化剂催化废油脂中的游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化反应降低原料的酸值,然后分离出硫酸氢钠,加入氢氧化钠催化中性油酯交换生产生物柴油。酯化反应的最佳条件为：温度65℃,催化剂硫酸氢钠用量4%,醇油摩尔比为12∶1,反应4h;酯交换反应条件是：在65℃下加入0.8%的氢氧化钠,醇油摩尔比为6∶1,反应时间为1h,最终生物柴油的得率为93.2%。该两步催化法具有不产生酸化废水,不需要耐强酸设备,同时硫酸氢钠可以回收重复利用等优点。     

复合碱性离子液体催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油北大核心CSCD

根据油脂的结构特点,研制了复合碱性离子液体催化剂;以三油酸甘油酯与甲醇的酯交换反应为模型,对酯交换反应的油醇摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂循环使用性进行了考察,并研究了该催化剂催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油的效果。结果表明:在油醇摩尔比为1∶9、反应时间为5 h、反应温度为120℃、催化剂用量为5%的条件下,三油酸甘油酯转化效果最佳,油酸甲酯产率高达96.2%;催化剂循环使用7次后油酸甲酯产率仍然保持在80%以上;在相同反应条件下,餐饮废弃油转化为生物柴油的产率最高可达93.6%。     

复合碱性离子液体催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油

根据油脂的结构特点,研制了复合碱性离子液体催化剂;以三油酸甘油酯与甲醇的酯交换反应为模型,对酯交换反应的油醇摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂循环使用性进行了考察,并研究了该催化剂催化餐饮废弃油制备生物柴油的效果。结果表明:在油醇摩尔比为1∶9、反应时间为5 h、反应温度为120℃、催化剂用量为5%的条件下,三油酸甘油酯转化效果最佳,油酸甲酯产率高达96.2%;催化剂循环使用7次后油酸甲酯产率仍然保持在80%以上;在相同反应条件下,餐饮废弃油转化为生物柴油的产率最高可达93.6%。     

固体酸催化蓖麻油制备生物柴油

以一水硫酸氢钠固体酸为催化剂,对蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油进行了研究。在反应温度为75℃条件下,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量(占油质量)及反应时间对酯交换反应的影响。在反应温度为75℃、醇油摩尔比为9∶1、催化剂用量为4%、反应时间为8 h的优化工艺条件下,平均甘油收率达93%,产物中甲酯总含量为95.20%。甲酯和甘油静置分层快,后处理简单,对环境无污染。     

鸡油制备生物柴油的研究

采用鸡油在催化剂KOH的作用下与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油,研究了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对反应产率的影响。实验结果表明:醇油摩尔比为7∶1、KOH质量分数为1.0%、反应时间为50min、反应温度为60℃为最优操作条件。在此条件下生物柴油的收率可达97.0%。制得的生物柴油与我国0#柴油和德国生物柴油的主要性能指标接近。     

两步法试制生物柴油的研究

采用硫酸作催化剂,利用高酸值油脂与甲醇进行预酯化反应;再用氢氧化钠作催化剂,进行酯交换反应.结果表明:预酯化的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比8∶1、催化剂用量0.25%、反应时间1h,游离脂肪酸的转化率达到97.2%;酯交换的反应条件为:醇油摩尔比6∶1、催化剂用量0.5%、反应时间0.5h,生物柴油的收率可达98%.     

固体酸催化麻疯树籽油制备生物柴油

采用新型固体酸SO4^2-／TiO2-SiO2替代传统的液体酸、碱催化剂,催化较高酸值麻疯树籽油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察了搅拌速度、固体酸催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、助溶剂等因素对产物中甲酯含量的影响。结果表明,固体酸催化剂对麻疯树籽油酯交换具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,产物与催化剂易于分离。在反应温度110℃,醇油摩尔比12：1,固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的4％。搅拌速度600r／min,助溶剂正己烷与甲醇体积比1：2条件下,反应3h产物中麻疯树籽油甲酯含量达到96．8％。反应10次甲酯含量维持在95％。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.