铝合金表面激光熔覆铁基合金涂层过渡区的特征

为了在铝合金表面获得无裂纹的熔覆层并提高铝合金的表面强度,通过热喷涂预制涂层,结合激光重熔在铝合金基体上进行了激光熔覆试验.利用SEM,XRD和电子探针(EPMA)等对涂层的形貌和成分分布以及过渡区的相组成进行了研究.结果表明:在Al合金表面可以获得低稀释率、无裂纹的铁基熔覆层;在熔覆过程中熔覆层/基材结合面处,Fe和Al反应生成的短棒状FeAl金属间化合物镶嵌在铝合金基体中,避免了裂纹形成.反应过程中释放的反应热使得熔覆层/基材结合面处形成锯齿状形貌.     

激光熔覆TiC/Al_3Ti复合材料涂层的高温氧化行为研究

采用激光熔覆技术在铝合金表面制备了TiC颗粒增强Al3Ti金属间化合物复合材料涂层,研究了涂层在600℃和900℃时的高温氧化性能。结果表明,涂层由树枝晶Al3Ti,枝晶间组织α-Al和均匀分布的TiC颗粒组成。循环氧化70h后,涂层在600℃时没有明显的氧化增重,氧化产物是一层薄的Al2O3。900℃时涂层的氧化增重明显,且随着涂层中TiC含量的增加抗氧化性能降低,氧化产物是一层连续而致密的富Al2O3和MgO的混合物。氧化层在氧化过程中没有出现开裂和脱落现象,表现出较强的抗循环氧化性能。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni基梯度涂层的研究

为了改善Ti6Al4V钛合金表面耐磨性能和抗高温氧化性能,采用CO2激光在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面进行激光熔覆Ni基梯度涂层试验.利用扫描电镜和显微硬度计等手段分析了熔覆层组织,测试了基体和熔覆层的显微硬度.结果表明,采用适当的工艺参数,可以在钛合金表面获得连续、均匀、无裂纹和气孔的熔覆层.熔覆层组织由树枝晶和晶间共晶组织构成,并与基体形成牢固的冶金结合.由基体到表面,显微硬度过渡平稳,呈明显梯度渐变特征.     

Y2O3对钛基激光熔覆层组织及性能的影响

针对Ti811钛合金硬度低、耐磨性差的问题,以TC4粉、Ni45A粉和Y₂O₃粉为原料,采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术在Ti811钛合金表面进行了激光熔覆制备耐磨复合涂层的实验,分析了熔覆层的组织和相组成,测试了熔覆层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损等力学性能。研究表明:复合涂层组织由枝晶TiC、依附生长于枝晶TiC表面的纳米颗粒TiC、生长于基体表面的等轴球形（近球形）TiC、金属间化合物Ti₂Ni、增强相TiB、TiB₂及基体α-Ti组成,所有生成相呈均匀弥散分布状态;涂层中等轴球形（近球形）TiC和Y₂O₃构成了复合相结构,经二维点阵错配度计算表明,Y₂O₃的（111）晶面与TiC的（110）晶面的二维点阵错配度δ=6.54%,因此Y₂O₃可作为TiC的有效异质形核核心细化晶粒;涂层的显微硬度处于HV_0.5 655~700之间,较Ti811基材提高了约1.6~1.8倍;涂层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,摩擦磨损性能较基材显著提升。      

Ti6Al4V合金激光熔覆γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC复合层的组织与摩擦学性能

为提高Ti6Al4V合金的摩擦学性能,以NiCr-Cr₃C₂金属陶瓷粉末为涂覆材料,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti6Al4V表面制备以TiC为增强相、γ-NiCrAlTi固溶体为增韧相的熔覆层。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）分析了熔覆层的物相组成及显微组织,测试了熔覆层沿层深方向的硬度分布,分别在室温（24℃）,300,600℃测试了熔覆层和Ti6Al4V合金基体的干滑动磨损性能。结果表明:熔覆层的平均硬度约1 100HV_{2 N},约为基体的3倍;室温时,由于高硬度增强相TiC和增韧相γ-NiCrAlTi固溶体的综合效应,激光熔覆γ-NiCrAlTi/TiC复合层的摩擦系数和磨损率比Ti6Al4V合金基体的显著降低,熔覆层具有较好的耐磨减摩性能,磨损机理主要为黏着磨损;300,600℃时,熔覆层被氧化,耐磨性减弱,磨损机理主要为黏着磨损和塑性变形。     

激光沉积制备钛基梯度耐磨涂层组织和性能研究

为了提高Ti6Al4V钛合金的高温耐磨特性,在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面利用激光沉积制造原位生成TiC颗粒增强相的方法制备了钛基梯度涂层。观察了耐磨梯度涂层的微观组织,测量了涂层和Ti6Al4V基材在500℃条件下的摩擦磨损性能及其显微硬度,并对涂层的强化机制和磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明,原位自生的TiC颗粒增强相均匀弥散分布在基体中,从基材到涂层顶部分别呈现粗大树枝晶、较大的颗粒状晶体、相对细小的颗粒状晶体形态。显微硬度分析显示涂层硬度保持在400～450HV之间,由基材到表层呈梯度上升趋势。涂层表现出较好的高温耐磨特性,和基材的磨损体积比为2.86。TiC颗粒的弥散分布强化和激光沉积基体组织的细晶强化是显微硬度和高温耐磨性提高的主要原因。     

钛合金表面激光熔覆TiC/NiCrBSi涂层温度场有限元模拟

为在钛合金表面获得优质激光熔覆涂层,用有限元方法研究了激光熔覆工艺对熔池温度场分布和凝固后熔覆层组织的影响,考虑相变潜热、辐射对流散热以及温度对热物理性能的影响等因素,建立三维有限元模型模拟了Ti6Al4V合金表面激光熔覆TiC/NiCrBSi复合涂层过程中的温度场,并结合熔覆过程的温度场分布,对涂层的形貌、结合区、基...     

激光熔覆WC-Ni/TiC涂层的组织和摩擦磨损性能研究

采用7kW横流CO2激光器,在H13钢表面激光熔覆制备了WC-Ni/TiC涂层.测量了熔覆层的显微硬度,用扫描电镜(SEM)观测熔覆层的显微结构以及磨损形貌并进行分析,对涂层的摩擦磨损性能进行研究.结果表明:纳米TiC通过弥散强化和细晶强化,提高了涂层的硬度和韧性,TiC含量为30%(质量分数)时涂层的平均硬度为HV1500.涂层耐磨性能是基体的8～15倍.     

激光熔覆制备原位自生TiC增强Ni3（Si,Ti）复合涂层研究

运用激光熔覆技术修复受损的烟汽轮机叶片,在GH864镍基合金表面制备原位自生TiC颗粒增强Ni3(Si,Ti)金属间化合物复合涂层.利用扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、X射线衍射仪及显微硬度计研究了(Ti+C)的加入量对熔覆层组织及硬度的影响.研究表明:在优化的工艺参数下可获得宏观质量完好,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,且与基体呈冶金结合的激光熔覆层,熔覆层由Ni(Si)、Ni3(Si,Ti)和TiC组成;当合金粉末中(Ti+C)的加入量为20%时熔覆层的硬度最高可达780Hv,是基体材料的2.4倍.     

Ti811合金表面激光熔覆Ti2Ni+TiC+Al2O3+CrxSy复合涂层的组织和性能

以TC4+Ni45+Al₂O₃+MoS₂+Y₂O₃混合粉末为熔覆材料,采用同轴送粉技术在Ti811合金表面进行激光熔覆制备复合涂层,使用SEM、EDS和XRD等手段分析了涂层的微观组织,测试了涂层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,在激光熔覆过程中Ti811合金中的Ni和C分别与Ti发生反应,原位生成金属间化合物Ti₂Ni和硬质增强相TiC;MoS₂分解后S与Cr发生硫化反应生成了软质润滑相Cr_xS_y。网状形态的Ti₂Ni、近球状和枝晶形态的TiC以及点状的Al₂O₃,均匀分布在熔覆层中。硬质相强化和软质相润滑的共同作用,使激光熔覆层具有较高的显微硬度和较优良的耐磨性能。激光功率为900 W的熔覆层其平均显微硬度值达1303.5HV_0.5,其耐磨性能最佳。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。