食品过敏原快速检测技术方法研究进展

近几年食品行业的立法和监管机构对食品中的过敏成分的检测越来越关注。食品过敏已经成为全球性的食品安全问题,而由其引起的疾病严重影响了人们的正常生活,因而采用合适的方法对其进行检测是十分必要的。对目前有关食品过敏原的免疫学检测方法和核酸检测方法进行了较为全面的综述,并探讨食品中过敏原检测方法的发展前景。     

食物过敏原检测与调控研究进展

食品过敏已成为一个重要的食品质量和安全问题,对食品加工行业构成挑战,并影响消费者的健康。一方面,从食品加工行业的角度来看,食品原料成分、外源添加剂和加工形式的多样性使得现代食品加工中过敏原的存在更加复杂。此外,由于缺乏过敏原识别和有效的检测与评价系统,导致目前食品过敏原筛选与检测、跟踪与预测、干预与控制的理论和技术存在严重不足;另一方面,从公共卫生的角度来看,满足消费者对包括食物过敏原在内的不同类型原料来源的知情权,提高政府的公信力和人民的满意度也成为当务之急;此外,随着人们接触的食物种类越来越多,食物过敏的发生概率也越来越高,日趋复杂化、广域化和严重化的食物过敏所带来的食品安全健康问题已很难避免。鉴于此,针对大健康背景下日益严重的食品过敏安全问题,本综述介绍了食物过敏原的检测方法,总结了食物过敏原消减与控制技术,阐述了低致敏性食品以及抗过敏活性物质,综述了目前食物过敏原口服免疫治疗进展,旨在为预防和控制食物过敏,保障食物过敏患者的身体健康提供依据。     

免疫学技术在食品过敏原检测中的应用

食品过敏原可引起机体产生过敏反应,严重危害人类健康及生命安全。目前食品包装上过敏原信息标注规 范尚不完善,因此食品过敏原检测技术对于预防含有过敏原食品进入流通领域,减少过敏事件发生至关重要。本文 综述了免疫学检测技术在食品过敏原检测中应用,并展望了其未来的发展趋势。     

乳品安全中的牛乳过敏

牛乳过敏是婴幼儿中一种常见的食物过敏,严重危害婴幼儿健康。对牛乳过敏的机理、牛乳中的过敏原成分、牛乳过敏原的检测、加工对牛乳过敏原的影响作了详细的介绍。     

花生过敏原及其检测方法研究进展

花生过敏可导致某些人群严重的食品安全问题。过敏患者只能通过避免食用含有花生过敏原成分的食物来避免过敏。但是,食品在生产加工、储存、运输、销售过程中有可能被过敏原污染。因此,确定各类加工食品中是否含有花生过敏原成分,对于预防食用者发生花生过敏反应具有重要意义。花生中已确定的过敏原蛋白有13种(Ara h 1~Ara h 13)。本文综述了花生中过敏原蛋白的结构信息,当前流行的提取方法,以及各种定性定量的检测方法,总结了各种方法的优缺点。同时对建立一种具有特异性强、灵敏度高、定量准确的花生致敏蛋白检测方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

国外食品中麸质过敏原法规标准现状及其对我国的启示

麸质作为一类主要的过敏原成分,过敏被视为一种严重的公共营养问题,已成为国际社会关注的重点。国际食品法典委员会以及美国、欧盟、日本、阿根廷等国家（地区）先后出台了相关法规标准,而我国在食品过敏原成分标识管理方面还存在空白。本文通过对国外食品中麸质过敏原相关标准的研究,提出制定以麸质过敏原成分为代表的食品过敏原成分标识标准等建议,为我国相关政策和标准的制定提供参考。     

双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测荞麦过敏蛋白

提取制备荞麦过敏原蛋白(TBt)并免疫动物,分别制备鼠多克隆抗体和兔多克隆抗体,建立了双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附检测法(ELISA)用于检测食品中的荞麦过敏原。SDS-PAGE结果表明,纯化的TBt纯度达到98%以上,鼠抗血清效价为1∶6400。建立的双抗夹心ELISA法对荞麦过敏原蛋白的最低检测限为0.16μg/m L,线性范围为0.16~16μg/m L。并采用建立的双抗夹心ELISA法对市场出售的15种食品中荞麦过敏成分进行了检测。结果显示,该方法对绝大多数食品中的荞麦过敏原都有很好的特异性及灵敏性,说明该法可用于食物过敏原的诊断及食品中微量荞麦过敏成分的检测。     

桃过敏原的种类、制备、鉴定及检测技术研究进展

作为日常食用的植物源食品,水果可为人体提供糖类、维生素、矿物质等多种营养物质,从而调节机体的多项生理功能。然而,水果中的致敏成分可诱发过敏反应,由此引发的食品安全问题也越来越引起关注。桃是一种最常见的过敏水果,可引起轻微过敏症状和严重过敏反应甚至过敏性休克。文章综述桃过敏原的种类、亚类及其生物特性,阐述不同亚类桃过敏原在品种或地区的差异性,总结桃过敏原的分离制备方法和分子鉴定技术,并从过敏原基因检测、免疫检测技术和仪器检测技术3个方面对桃过敏原检测技术进行概括,以期为桃过敏原的致敏机制、消减技术和食品加工的安全控制提供研究基础。     

食物过敏原及检测技术的研究进展

食物过敏是当前食品安全领域较为突出的问题,综述食品过敏原、过敏的免疫学发生机制及检测技术等方面的研究现状及发展展望,涉及致敏的食物种类及相应过敏原,过敏的免疫学分子发生机理,并对食物过敏原现存的检测技术做了相关的介绍。     

简述食品过敏原的管控

正近年来,国内外食品的有关警示通报中过敏原数量位列第二,仅次于微生物污染;在世界卫生组织(WHO)报告的威胁人类健康的各种因素中,食品过敏排在第4位。由此可见,食物过敏已成为全球关注的重大公共卫生学和食品安全问题。本文简要概述了食品过敏原的种类、标签标识、食品企业过敏原的控制及检验方法,以期为食品企业过敏原的管控     

Advanced DNA- and Protein-based Methods for the Detection and Investigation of Food Allergens

Currently, food allergies are an important health concern worldwide. The presence of undeclared allergenic ingredients or the presence of traces of allergens due to contamination during food processing poses a great health risk to sensitized individuals. Therefore, reliable analytical methods are required to detect and identify allergenic ingredients in food products. The present review addresses the recent developments regarding the application of DNA- and protein-based methods for the detection of allergenic ingredients in foods. The fitness-for-purpose of reviewed methodology will be discussed, and future trends will be highlighted. Special attention will be given to the evaluation of the potential of newly developed and promising technologies that can improve the detection and identification of allergenic ingredients in foods, such as the use of biosensors and/or nanomaterials to improve detection limits, specificity, ease of use, or to reduce the time of analysis. Such rapid food allergen test methods are required to facilitate the reliable detection of allergenic ingredients by control laboratories, to give the food industry the means to easily determine whether its product has been subjected to cross-contamination and, simultaneously, to identify how and when this cross-contamination occurred.     

Food matrix standards for the quantification of allergenic food ingredients using real-time PCR

For the quantification of food allergens by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), food matrix standards with defined levels of spiked allergenic food ingredients can be used. The production and homogeneity testing of selected materials as sausages, cookies and sauce hollandaise powder is described. Except for egg and milk, all relevant allergenic ingredients were spiked to each material. Allergens were spiked and quantified as food ingredients, for example, peanut or lupine flour, at levels of 5–400 mg/kg. Material with sufficient homogeneity could be produced even at low levels of 5–10 mg of the allergenic ingredient per kilogram. The effect of the food matrix on allergen quantification was checked. The bias caused by this effect was in an acceptable range for the tested materials. The materials produced within this study were used as samples and for calibration in inter-laboratory validation studies for the quantification of allergenic food ingredients by real-time PCR. The results of this study are a contribution how to produce such reference materials for allergen analysis in the near future. Before threshold or action values of allergens in food are set, the availability of reference materials is essential.     

Application of real-time PCR for tree nut allergen detection in processed foods

Abstract

Currently, food allergies are an important health concern worldwide. The presence of undeclared allergenic ingredients or the presence of traces of allergens due to accidental contamination during food processing poses a great health risk to sensitized individuals. Therefore, reliable analytical methods are required to detect and identify allergenic ingredients in food products. Real-time PCR allowed a specific and accurate amplification of allergen sequences. Some processing methods could induce the fragmentation and/or degradation of genomic DNA and some studies have been performed to analyze the effect of processing on the detection of different targets, as thermal treatment, with and without applying pressure. In this review, we give an updated overview of the applications of real-time PCR for the detection of allergens of tree nut in processed food products. The different variables that contribute to the performance of PCR methodology for allergen detection are also review and discussed.     

低致敏食品制备技术及其工业化应用研究进展

食物过敏是联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织认定的全球性食品安全问题之一。在食品加工多元化的背景下,食物过敏患者要完全避免过敏原十分困难,研发低致敏食品对食物过敏患者的安全膳食至关重要。总结了低致敏食品制备技术的加工技术原理;以蒸煮、微波和烘烤为主的热加工技术通过加热诱导蛋白质变性的方式破坏致敏性构象性表位;高压、脉冲电场、脉冲光、低温等离子体、辐照和超声等非热加工技术可以通过过敏原蛋白结构修饰、多肽链断裂、新化学键的产生等方式直接破坏致敏性表位;酶水解、酶交联、糖基化、微生物发酵等其他加工方法则通过改变蛋白质构象或将蛋白质与糖类物质结合,破坏或隐藏过敏原致敏性表位。另外,对工业化低致敏蛋白配料的加工方法和生产现状进行了阐述分析。基于酶法水解的部分水解乳蛋白和深度水解乳蛋白已经可以工业化生产,其他消减食物致敏性的方法以及其他低致敏蛋白配料值得进一步研究。希望可以为工业化生产低致敏食品提供参考。     

Simultaneous detection of DNA from 10 food allergens by ligation-dependent probe amplification

The simultaneous detection of DNA from different allergenic food ingredients by a ligation-dependent probe amplification (LPA) system is described. The approach allows detection of several targets in a one-tube assay. Synthetic oligonucleotides were designed to detect DNA from peanuts, cashews, pecans, pistachios, hazelnuts, sesame seeds, macadamia nuts, almonds, walnuts and brazil nuts. The specificity of the system was tested with DNA from more than 50 plant and animal species. The sensitivity of the method was suitable to detect allergenic ingredients in the low mg kg^?1 range. The limit of detection (LOD) for single allergens in different food matrices was 5 mg kg^?1. The novel analytical strategy represents a useful tool for the surveillance of established legislation on food allergens within the European Union.     

SYBRGreenER™ Real-Time PCR to detect almond in traces in processed food

Because food ingredients are sometimes considered as causative factors in IgE mediated food allergies, DNA-based tests may prove to be very useful to establish whether allergenic species have been used in foodstuffs production. The development of two SYBR^®GreenER™ Real-Time PCR assays, targeting Pru 1 and rbcL genes, based on melting curve analysis, to detect allergen species in food has been presented. Applicability of these methods was assessed with several commercial products containing processed almond.     

保健食品功效成分、功能声称及其检测标准现状研究

保健食品的功效成分是其功能体现的载体,其检测方法与保健食品的质量密切相关。本文将通过对2013~2020年完成注册备案的4620种保健食品中主要功能、功效成分、相应检测方法标准进行梳理,对涉及的121种功效成分对应的功能声称、检测方法标准进行汇总和整理,各功效成分普遍存在功能声称数量较多的问题,应进一步梳理明确各功效成分的主要的功能声称,规范保健食品的功能宣传。同时发现我国保健食品功效成分检测方法标准较为齐备,目前仅有低聚木糖、总三萜、总蒽醌、氯化高铁血红素、肉苁蓉总苷等市场认可度高的功效成分亟需制定检测方法标准。本文为完善保健食品功效成分标准体系明确了工作需求,也为更有针对性的明确功效成分的功能声称、制定相应的检测方法标准指明了研究方向,有利于促进我国保健食品产业的健康和可持续发展。     

Cleaning and other control and validation strategies to prevent allergen cross-contact in food-processing operations

Food allergies affect an estimated 10 to 12 million people in the United States. Some of these individuals can develop life-threatening allergic reactions when exposed to allergenic proteins. At present, the only successful method to manage food allergies is to avoid foods containing allergens. Consumers with food allergies rely on food labels to disclose the presence of allergenic ingredients. However, undeclared allergens can be inadvertently introduced into a food via cross-contact during manufacturing. Although allergen removal through cleaning of shared equipment or processing lines has been identified as one of the critical points for effective allergen control, there is little published information on the effectiveness of cleaning procedures for removing allergenic materials from processing equipment. There also is no consensus on how to validate or verify the efficacy of cleaning procedures. The objectives of this review were (i) to study the incidence and cause of allergen cross-contact, (ii) to assess the science upon which the cleaning of food contact surfaces is based, (iii) to identify best practices for cleaning allergenic foods from food contact surfaces in wet and dry manufacturing environments, and (iv) to present best practices for validating and verifying the efficacy of allergen cleaning protocols.     

保健食品功效/标志性成分分析

功效/标志性成分是保健食品特有的一类检测项目,是控制产品质量的一项重要指标,同时也是保健食品区别于普通食品的关键所在。每种保健食品由于原料、工艺不同,在标准中功效/标志性成分和限度规定也不同。本文首先对保健食品中功效/标志性成分的定义、主要成分及来源、检验方法、抽检情况进行介绍,深入分析了功效/标志性成分具大类成分为主、同质化趋势、同一成分对应多种保健功能、含量差异大和日摄入量普遍低于药用量等特点,最后对保健食品中功效/标志性成分测定中存在的方法缺乏代表性和专属性、部分产品的限度值制定不合理以及全国各检验机构均无检验资质等问题进行分析和总结,并提出相应的建议和解决对策,旨在为制订保健食品质量标准和提高产品质量提供支持。     

金钗石斛功能性成分及保健食品开发研究现状

金钗石斛是名贵的中药,为兰科石斛属多年生附生草本植物,含有丰富的生物碱、酚类、多糖类等功能性成分,现已成为现代医疗、保健食品等领域的研究热点。本文综述了金钗石斛功能性成分的提取、检测、结构鉴定及功能作用等研究进展,以及石斛类保健食品的开发现状和深度开发的前景。