快速发展无毒柠檬酸三丁酯的生产和应用

采用柠檬酸和正丁醇在复合催化剂存在的情况下，合成了柠檬酸三丁酯。酯化反应的最佳条件为：n（正丁醇）：n（柠檬酸）为3．5：1．反应温度100～130℃，催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0．8％．反应时间2．8h。酯化率达到99．4％以上，产品纯度大于99．5％；同时对柠檬酸三丁酯的性质及用途进行了介绍。     

固体超强酸SO4 2-/TiO2催化合成柠檬酸三乙酯

以固体超强酸SO4^2-TiO2为催化剂,用柠檬酸和乙醇合成了柠檬酸三乙酯。考察了催化剂用量、酸醇比、反应时间、带水剂种类对酯化反应的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件：以0．3mol柠檬酸为基准,甲苯为带水剂,m（催化剂）2．5g,n（柠檬酸）;n（乙醇）=1：5．5,反应时间为8h,收率86．6％。     

活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸为催化剂，用柠檬酸合成了增塑剂柠檬酸三丁酯。考察了反应时间、酸醇比、催化剂用量对酯化率的影响；确定了最佳的工艺条件：以0．3mol的柠檬酸为基准，n-柠檬酸：n-正丁醇为1：4，T为110～140℃，t为3h，M(催化剂)为1．0g，酯化率≥99％，催化剂可回收重复使用。     

乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯合成工艺的改进

以柠檬酸、正丁醇和乙酸酐为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,通过酯化、脱醇、乙酰化、脱乙酸和乙酸酐、中和、水洗等步骤制备了乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯。和文献报道的工艺相比,节省了催化剂用量,减少了近一半的废水量。当反应物摩尔比n（柠檬酸）：n（正丁醇）：n（乙酸酐）：n（对甲苯磺酸）=1：4．3：1．10：0．041,酯化反应温度为130-140℃,酯化时间为4h,乙酰化反应温度为50℃,乙酰化反应时间为1h时,产品的产率为97．5％,酯含量为99．21％,酸值为0．14mgKOH／g,色度小于50（Pt—Co）,符合产品质量要求。     

阳离子交换树脂-FeCl3催化合成丁二酸二丁酯

以阳离子交换树脂-FeCl3络合物为催化剂、丁二酸和正丁醇为原料，采用负压酯化技术合成丁二酸二丁酯。考察了反应温度、原料配比、催化剂用量和反应时间等因素对酯化反应的影响，通过正交试验得到了最佳酯化反应工艺条件：n（正丁醇）：n（丁二酸）为3．0：1、w（催化剂）为1．5％、反应温度〈125℃、反应时间3h；在该条件下丁二酸的转化率达到98．6％。催化剂重复使用6次后，丁二酸的转化率达到97．6％。利用红外光谱、色谱一质谱对产品进行分析。     

复合型铁钾盐催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

以复合型铁钾盐为催化剂催化合成乙酸异戊酯,确定了冰乙酸与异戊醇的酯化合成条件,实验结果表明：n（酸）：n（醇）=2．5：1（异戊醇0．08mol）,催化剂用量为0．76g,反应时间为2h,带水剂环己烷为5mL,酯化率可达92．8％。     

固体超强酸SO4^2-/Fe2O3-CoO催化合成己酸乙酯

以固体超强酸SO4^2-/Fe2O3-CoO为催化剂，通过己酸和乙醇反应合成了己酸乙酯。实验结果表明，固体超强酸SO4^2-/Fe2O3-CoO对酯化具有较高的催化活性，反应的最佳条件为：己酸0．2mol，n（乙醇）：n（己酸）：1．8：1．0，催化剂用量为0．8g（以0．2mol己酸为准），带水剂用量为12mL，反应时间为2h，其酯化率可达97％以上。     

纳米ZnO催化合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料，以纳米ZnO为催化剂催化合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三丁酯，探讨了催化剂用量、酸醇物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度对反应结果的影响，对合成的产品进行了红外光谱分析。实验结果表明，纳米ZnO催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的最佳条件为n（柠檬酸）：n（正丁醇）：1：4．5，催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1．5％，反应时间为2．5h，反应温度为110—140％，酯化率可达97．23％，产品纯度〉99％。     

固体超强酸SO^2-／SnO2-SiO2催化合成柠檬酸异辛酯

首次以固体超强酸SO^2-／SnO2-SiO2为催化剂合成柠檬酸异辛酯，考察了合成柠檬酸异辛酯所用固体超强酸SO^2-／SnO2-SiO2的最佳制备条件：n（Sn）：n（Si）=1：1，浸渍液H2S04为3mol／L，浸渍时间为Ih，在550℃下焙烧3h，并通过XRD、FT-IR等方法对其进行表征；此外还考察了摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间及催化剂重复使用对酯化反应的影响。结果表明，酯化反应的最佳条件为：酸醇摩尔比为1：5，催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1．2％。反应时间为20min，反应微波辐射功率为680．W，此条件下酯收率可达99．5％。     

活性炭固载磷钨酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

用自制的固载磷钨酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯。探讨了催化剂用量、催化剂固载量、酸醇摩尔比、反应时间等因素对酯化率的影响，并得到了反应的合适条件。在固载量为34％、n（柠檬酸）：n（正丁醇）为1：4、固载催化剂用量2．5g、反应时间2．5h和油浴温度140℃的优化条件下转化率达到91．7％，催化剂可重复使用。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.