基于粒子滤波信号降噪的齿轮箱故障诊断研究

齿轮和轴承是机械设备中重要的部件,它的健康状况直接影响着机械设备的运行状态。研究粒子滤波对齿轮箱的振动信号进行降噪处理,需要知道信号的特性和噪声的统计特性。针对此,先对齿轮箱的齿轮进行振动分析,建立振动模型,而后再研究粒子数算法,对振动信号进行EMD分解,把分解的第一个IMF分量和残余分量进行重构,组建AR模型,经AR模型系数作为粒子滤波状态方程的系数。最后采用小波变换阈值降噪思想,把分解提出的噪声信号放到粒子滤波观测方程中,对信号进行降噪处理。     

基于形态中值小波的滚动轴承特征提取

为了提取隐含在噪声中的滚动轴承的故障信息,提出了一种基于数学形态学的形态中值小波分析方法。形态中值小波具有形态学的形态滤波特性与小波分解的多分辨率特性,且是基于信号形态特征的非线性分解。形态变换只有加减法和取极大、极小运算,计算简单。仿真和实验数据表明:该方法能有效的提取信号的故障特征,适用于轴承故障的在线监测和诊断。     

Morlet小波变换结合MLP神经网络的齿轮箱故障检测方法

针对变速齿轮箱中的故障检测问题,提出了一种结合Morlet小波变换和多层感知器(MLP)神经网络的齿轮故障检测方法。利用角域技术,将时域中齿轮故障的非平稳振动信号转化为角域中的平稳信号。然后,利用进行Morlet小波变换并从小波系数中提取统计特征。同时根据最大能量与香农熵比来确定连续小波变换(CWT)的最优尺度,以此来缩减特征量,并将小波系数的能量和香农熵作为两个新特征添加到特征向量。最后,利用MLP神经网络对输入特征进行分类,从而检测故障。实验结果表明,该方法故障检测准确率高,且计算速度快。     

基于小波变换实现脉搏信号降噪处理

脉搏波形复杂而且测量过程中易受各种噪声影响,因此降噪处理是提取清晰、有效的脉搏信息的关键步骤。在去噪过程中,由于脉搏信号具有非平稳特性且污染噪声分布范围大,限制了传统线性滤波器的使用。这里利用小波变换的多层分解将脉搏信号分成具有不同尺度的小波系数,然后根据小波分解的底层低频系数和各层高频系数进行一维小波重构,在重构的过程中可以剔除与噪声相关的系数,保留信号中的有用成分。     

模极大值降噪法在信号降噪中的应用

利用信号与噪声奇异点Lipschitz指数的区别,以及反映在其小波变换模极大值曲线上的特点,应用小波变换模极大值降噪法,对含有带限高斯白噪声的数字通信信号进行了降噪处理,并对降噪原理、算法和仿真结果进行了较为详细的分析。提出了一种信号重构新方法,该方法利用小波变换对信号和噪声的模极大值进行分离,通过对噪声模极大值对应的小波系数进行线性压缩后重构信号,并用仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于小波包的相位敏感OTDR分布式光纤振动信号降噪方法的研究

针对传统的基于相位敏感光时域反射计(-OTDR)的分布式振动传感系统在对外界振动信号降噪 效果方面的不足,提出了一种基于小波包的降噪优化方法:首先分析采集到振动点处信号的 特征并选取最 优基波Sym6,比对不同的基波分解层数对于原始信号降噪处理后的效果,从中选择三层分解 作为最优化分 解层数。其次对信号处理前后的信号进行傅里叶变换,通过频域比对证明小波包降噪方法能 够有效去除主 振信号以外的噪声。再次针对振动点附近的采集点进行了频谱分析,结果显示只有振动点对 应采集点的频 率与振动频率相同,从而证明了系统实际空间分辨率可达到1m。     

基于小波变换的断路器振动信号降噪方法

本文提出了一种基于小波变换的断路器振动信号降噪方法。该方法将振动信号分解到不同的时间尺度上,并剔除高频噪声分量,再对其余分量进行重构从而获得降噪后的振动信号。实验证明,该方法对振动信号等非平稳信号的高频噪声具有良好的降噪效果。     

小波包分析在滚动轴承故障诊断中应用

根据小波包多分辨原理,对齿轮减速器JZQ250内的轴承振动信号进行处理,在分析滚动轴承振动机理的基础上,利用小波包进行多尺度分解,根据信号与噪声随尺度增加的不同传播特性,低频部分代表信号的发展趋势,正常状态信号趋势单调递增,故障状态信号趋势则单调递减,初步判定轴承的运行状态是否正常。当判定为故障时,选择小波包分解重构后特殊层的信息进行频谱分析,提取其故障特征频率。经对大量实测数据的处理和分析,能够比较准确地识别和诊断出减速器的正常运行状态,内圈、外圈和保持架故障运行状态,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

小波去噪在缓变机械故障检测中的应用

针对缓变机械故障信号频率低易受高频噪声干扰的情况,提出了利用小波变换对振动信号进行降噪的方法,通过与传统的经典滤波方法相比,小波变换降噪方法在去除掉高频噪声的同时也保留了信号的高频成分,是一种比傅立叶变换更有效的降噪方法。通过实验数据的比较分析,验证了小波去噪是针对机械信号的环境特点最为有效的降噪方法,从而达到有效提取有用信号并探测目标的目的。     

光纤陀螺全频域小波阈值降噪技术

为了有效地去除光纤陀螺信号中的分形噪声,提出了全频域小波多尺度阈值降噪方法。从分形信号的分数微分形式出发,建立了分形信号与高斯白噪声之间的联系,结合小波分析的高阶消失矩特性,实现了分形信号在小波空间的去相关。当分形信号被具有高阶消失矩的小波分解后,其在小波域具有白噪声的特点,可以采用阈值处理的方法予以去除。同时,根据陀螺信号噪声的宽频带特点,对小波分解的低频近似系数和高频细节系数进行阈值处理,有效地抑制了噪声成分。光纤陀螺信号的降噪实例表明:相比传统的小波阈值降噪方法、卡尔曼滤波方法和滑动平均滤波方法,该方法具有较好的降噪效果。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.