我国调味品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数市场调查研究

目的 建立我国调味品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数。方法 采用接触面积法对调味品食品接触材料进行研究,根据调查食品接触材料的相关数据信息获得接触面积法中食品接触材料与单位质量食品的接触面积参数。结果 共调查分析800份调味品,获取相关数据25600个,食品接触材料与单位质量或单位体积食品的接触面积(S/V)最大值为322.67dm²/kg,最小值为1.63dm²/kg。本次调查中调味品S/V 有86.9%的数据高于6 dm²/kg。结论 基于调味品市场调查构建的调味品食品接触材料基础参数为我国调味品食品接触材料安全性评估工作提供数据支持。     

我国水果制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数数据库构建研究

目的 构建我国水果制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数数据库.方法 基于接触面积法所需膳食暴露评估基础参数,通过收集水果制品的食品接触材料主体、封口、外盖及内衬等相关数据,获得不同水果制品对应不同食品接触材料的接触面积与食品单位质量/体积参数(S/V).结果 本调查采集各类水果制品共计288份,获取相关数据7 398个...     

我国饮料酒接触面积/体积比数据库构建及其在风险评估中初步应用

目的了解我国饮料酒包装材料使用情况,研究构建饮料酒不同类型接触材料的面积/体积比参数。方法采集1 196份市场销售的不同包装、不同类型的饮料酒,采用直接测量法或3D面积测量仪计算不同类型饮料酒的接触面积,结合不同类型饮料酒的规格,计算接触面积/体积比。结果 97.4%(1 165/1 196)的饮料酒主体接触材料为单一材质,主要为玻璃和陶瓷,2.6%(31/1 196)的饮料酒接触材料为复合塑料和含涂层的铝罐等复合材质。不同类型饮料酒的接触面积/体积比的范围为2.84～19.67 dm~2/kg。96.7%(1 156/1 196)的饮料酒的接触面积/体积比≥6 dm~2/kg,81.9%(979/1 196)介于≥7.0～9.0 dm~2/kg之间。结论我国大部分市售饮料酒的接触面积/体积比大于欧盟评估时采用的6 dm~2/kg,利用本次调查研究获得的参数将会降低食品接触材料风险评估中的不确定性。     

我国市售饮料与包装接触面积/体积比调查

目的 了解我国饮料包装材料使用情况,研究构建饮料不同类型接触材料的接触面积/体积比(S/V)参数。方法 采集市场销售的不同包装、不同类型的饮料,采用直接测量法或3D面积测量仪计算不同类型饮料的接触面积,结合不同类型饮料的规格,计算S/V。结果 共采集214种不同类型、不同食品接触材料的饮料。72.0%(154/214)的饮料主体接触材料为单一材质,28.0%(60/214)的饮料接触材料为纸(涂层)和马口铁(涂层)等复合材质。不同类型饮料的接触材料S/V的平均值为11.29 dm²/kg,范围为4.26～64.32 dm²/kg。85.0%(182/214)的饮料接触材料的S/V≥6 dm²/kg,73.4%(157/214)介于≥6～12 dm²/kg之间。结论 我国市售大部分饮料的平均S/V大于欧盟评估时采用的6 dm²/kg,利用调查研究获得的参数将会降低食品接触材料风险评估中的不确定性。     

我国市售茶叶包装接触面积/体积比调查研究

目的 了解我国茶叶包装材料的使用情况,构建不同类别茶叶不同食品接触材料的接触面积/体积比（S/V）基础数据库。方法 采集市场销售的不同包装和类型的7大类茶叶,通过直接测量法及应用3D表面积测量仪获得413份茶叶样品的接触面积,结合不同类别茶叶产品的质量、规格等数据信息,计算其S/V。结果 茶叶的接触材料均为单一材质,不同类别茶叶接触材料的S/V的平均值为93.0 dm²/kg,范围为3.5~595.6 dm²/kg。 99.8%（412/413）的茶叶接触材料S/V≥6.0 dm²/kg,87.2%（360/413）的S/V介于6.0~200.0 dm²/kg之间。结论 我国大部分市售茶叶的S/V大于欧盟评估时采用的6.0 dm²/kg,利用本次调查研究获得的参数将会降低食品接触材料风险评估中的不确定性。     

坚果及籽类食品中霉菌与真菌毒素防控技术研究进展

坚果及籽类食品富含蛋白质、脂肪酸等多种营养素，深受消费者喜爱。然而这类食品易被霉菌及其产生的真菌毒素污染，危害人体健康。本文综述了国内外坚果及籽类食品中霉菌与真菌毒素防控技术的研究进展，旨在为坚果及籽类食品的安全生产和有效监管提供科学依据。     

我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况研究

目的 调查我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况，掌握该类食品中霉菌及真菌毒素污染风险的关联性。方法 通过采集市售商品，检测霉菌及其毒素，采用内转录间区（ITS）测序法对样品中污染的霉菌进行属鉴定。结果 19.32%（560/2 912）的熟制坚果与籽类食品霉菌计数>25 CFU/g。单一、混合坚果超过该限值的比例分别为14.78%（322/2 178）和32.56%（239/734），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单一坚果中核桃超过该限值的比例最高，为24.10%（47/195），杏仁、巴达木和花生分别为17.44%（15/86）、16.81%（20/119）和16.22%（73/450），其余种类均在15%以下。对26份霉菌计数>25 CFU/g的样品进行真菌毒素检测，1份采自云南的花生检出白僵菌素污染量为16.37 μg/kg。ITS扩增子测序发现熟制坚果与籽类食品中主要污染曲霉属、交链孢霉属、念珠菌属等，和真菌毒素检出有相关性。结论 熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌污染较高，检出的霉菌属有产真菌毒素的风险，提示应加强该类食品中污染霉菌的监测、种属鉴定及产毒情况研究，掌握其污染途径和产毒规律，为开展风险评估，采取有效防控措施提供科学依据。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品中硒元素的条件优化

目的优化电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, ICP-MS)测定食品中硒元素含量的条件,并对河北省食品中硒元素含量情况进行调查分析。方法选取8种不同基质的国家标准物质作为检测样品对实验条件进行优化,同时选择80Se作为检测目标,采用碰撞模式并加入内标和5%异丙醇的优化条件下对样品中硒元素含量进行检测。通过对比结果,分析河北省膳食样品中硒元素含量,对居民通过膳食补充硒元素给予指导。结果通过采用碰撞模式及内标添加法可以有效降低基质干扰,同时加入异丙醇可极大提高硒元素的信号强度;其在5.00~100.00μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系(r2=0.999),检出限为0.002mg/kg;坚果及籽类、豆类及豆制品和肉及肉制品含硒较高,坚果及籽类样品中鲍鱼果含量最高为1.472mg/kg,豆类及豆制品中黄豆含量最高为0.123mg/kg,肉及肉制品中鸭肉含量最高为0.169 mg/kg。结论在检测的6类食品中,坚果及籽类、豆类及豆制品和肉及肉制品中硒含量相对较高,缺硒人群可适量增加食用。     

我国糖果巧克力及其制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数构建调查

为构建我国糖果巧克力及其制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数,采集市售、网售的不同包装和类型的糖果巧克力及其制品,通过直接测量及应用3D表面积测量仪获得各样品的接触面积,结合产品质量、体积等数据信息,计算其面积与体积或质量的比值(S/V);通过红外光谱法进行主要材质的定性分析和确认.结果表明,44.88％(127/28...     

基于接触面积的饮料酒消费量概率评估参数构建研究

目的 研究建立不同类型、不同接触材料饮料酒的基于接触面积的消费量数据库,为食品接触材料概率评估提供消费量参数和方法学支持。方法 将饮料酒食品接触面积/体积比（S/V）数据和饮料酒消费量数据作为两个独立的分布总体,采用蒙特卡洛（Monte Carlo）模拟方法分别在这两个总体中进行随机抽样并匹配对应类别相乘,得到不同接触材料饮料酒基于接触面积的消费量分布。以上过程模拟1 000次得到各统计量的抽样分布,从而量化模型的不确定性。结果 按饮料酒-材料组合分类,基于接触面积的消费量均值最高的为啤酒-玻璃,均值为5.500 dm²/d,95%CI为5.302~5.705 dm²/d。按食品接触材料分类,基于接触面积的消费量均值最高的为（铝）涂层,均值为5.213 dm²/d,95%CI为4.929~5.532 dm²/d。结论 饮料酒基于接触面积的消费量可以成为我国饮料酒食品接触材料概率评估的基础参数,可用于进行精确的膳食暴露评估。     

Packaged food intake by British children aged 0 to 6 years

The European Union approach to assessing exposure to chemical migrants from plastic food-contact materials has been to assume an intake of 1 kg of food in contact with a particular material, per 60 kg person per day, which equates to 16.7 g kg^?1 body weight. A food packaging surface area–food mass ratio of 6 dm²/1 kg is assumed, equivalent to 0.1 dm² kg^?1 of body weight. Children might be at increased risk to exposure from migrants as they have higher intakes of food per kg body weight compared with adults. In addition, much of the food marketed for/to children is in small portions and therefore the food-contact material area–food mass ratio is relatively high. To determine if, and how, the European Union model might be modified to ensure specific protection against chemical migration into food marketed for children, data on 4-day food intakes of 297 children aged 0–6 years were collected including information on pack size, pack type and food-contact material area–food mass ratio. The 297 children consumed a total of 1646 kg of food and drink (including tap water), of which 978 kg (59%) was packaged with 67% of this packaged in plastics. Mean intakes of food packaged in plastic ranged from 27 g kg^?1 body weight (for the infants under 1 year) to 51 g kg^?1 body weight (for the 1–4-year-olds). This was higher than the 16.7 g kg^?1 body weight derived from the European Union convention. The mean area of packaging in contact with the food consumed daily per kg body weight were 0.65 dm² kg^?1 for the infants under 1 year, 0.81 dm² kg^?1 for the 1–4-year-olds, and 0.66 dm² kg^?1 for the 4–6-year-olds. All 297 children had intakes that exceeded 0.1 dm² of packaging per kg of body weight assumption.     

Characterization of patterns of food packaging usage in Portuguese homes

This study aimed to further refine the exposure assessment of migrants from food-contact materials by characterizing, at the household level, food packaging usage (amount and type) in Portuguese urban families. Packages from domestic use were collected from a sample of 105 consumers from 34 households over a 30-day period. Collected packages (more than 6000 items) were characterized in the laboratory and data were used to estimate: (i) global packaging usage and food intake; (ii) the consumption factors (CF) that describe the fraction of the daily diet expected to be in contact with specific packaging materials and (iii) the food-type factors (FTF) that reflect the fraction of all food contacting each material which differ in nature according to six major types: aqueous, acidic, alcoholic, milky, fatty and dry. The daily intake of packaged food and beverages consumed at home ranged from 5–50 g kg^?1 bw. Considering all materials, total package usage ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 dm² day^?1 kg^?1 bw. The ratio between package surface area in contact and the quantity of food was determined for all packaging items collected and an average value of 25 dm² kg^?1 food was recorded. Data were gathered and presented in a manner compatible with current probabilistic approaches to exposure assessment. In this way, relevant consumption patterns from this type of population can be best represented in exposure assessments and subsequent risk assessments.     

Effects of consumer use practices on nanosilver release from commercially available food contact materials

ABSTRACT

Migration evaluation involving nano-enabled food contact materials (FCMs) mostly focuses on potential nanoparticle release from new unused products. This may not represent consumer use practices encountered by the FCMs in their lifecycle. In order to determine if product use impacts the release of nanoparticles or other FCM components, it is necessary to perform migration evaluations under typical consumer use scenarios. A quantitative assessment of nanoparticle release from a commercially available nanosilver-enabled cutting board was performed under five conditions intended to simulate consumer use. Knife motion, washing and scratching scenarios were simulated by linear abrasion using knife blades, scrubbing pads and tungsten carbide burr attachments, respectively. Migration was evaluated using water and 3% acetic acid as food simulants. Low concentrations of silver (Ag) were detected in water simulants, a small portion (<4 ng dm^?2) in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with particle number concentrations on the order of 10⁶ particles dm^?2. Median particle diameter was 40 nm. Nanoparticle release into water was observed under all five consumer use scenarios studied, however there was no correlation with the different levels of stress simulated.     

Long-term wear effects on nanosilver release from commercially available food contact materials

ABSTRACT

Potential consumer exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) from nanoenabled food contact materials (FCMs) has been a driving force for migration studies of NPs from FCMs. Although NP migration from fresh, unused FCMs was not previously observed, conditions that result in significant changes to the surface of FCMs have not been investigated for NP migration into food. Therefore, a quantitative assessment of nanoparticle release from commercially available nanosilver-enabled FCMs was performed using an abrasion protocol to simulate cleaning, cutting, scraping and other stressful use conditions. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) analysis showed a general increase in root mean square (RMS) roughness after FCM abrasion, and particle count (for particle sizes from 80 nm to 960 nm) at the surface was 4 orders of magnitude higher for the abraded FCMs. Migration was evaluated using both water and 3% (v/v, volume fraction) acetic acid as food simulants. Low concentrations of total Ag were detected in water simulants with a small portion (<10 ng dm^?2) in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Median particle diameter ranged from 39 nm to 50 nm with particle number concentrations on the order of 10⁶ particles dm^{? 2}. Total Ag migration into 3% (v/v) acetic acid was significantly higher than in water; however, 3% (v/v) acetic acid was not suitable for evaluation of NP release due to dissolution of AgNPs to Ag⁺ under acidic solution chemistries.     

A survey of microbial levels for incoming raw beef,environmental sources,and ground beef in a red meat processing plant

A microbial survey was performed for a midwestern red meat processing plant that produces retail cuts and ground beef. Samples were obtained from incoming ingredients, beef during processing, finished product, food contact and environmental surfaces, and the air. Aerobic plate count (APC), coliform count (CC), andEscherichia colicount (ECC) were determined for each sample. Product samples (25 g) were taken from beef carcasses, boxed beef, and ground beef. Swab samples (10 cm²) were obtained from food surfaces, food contact surfaces, floors, and walls. All samples were plated on aerobic plate count Petrifilm (for APC) andE. coliPetrifilm (for CC and ECC). Average log₁₀APC for product samples ranged from 3 cfu g⁻¹for retail cuts to nearly 7 cfu g⁻¹for boxed beef and the brisket and flank areas of beef carcasses. Average log₈APC for ground beef samples was 4.6 cfu g⁻¹. Average log₁₀CC for product samples ranged from 1.4–2.3 cfu g⁻¹. Highest CC was usually obtained from the brisket area of the beef carcass. Average log₁₀ECC ranged from <1–2 cfu g⁻¹and ECC was usually highest in finished ground beef. Average surface counts for log₁₀APC ranged from <1 cfu cm⁻²on sanitized processing equipment to 5 cfu cm⁻²on processing floors. Coliforms andE. coliwere rarely recovered from food contact surfaces or from food surfaces. Airborne log₁₀APC was generally low (0.6 cfu m⁻³), except for the carcass receiving area where counts were 2.4 cfu m⁻³. The most important factor contributing to source and level of microbial contamination for ground beef and retail cuts was from incoming raw materials obtained from different suppliers of beef. Microbial testing for beef products and the environment is an important tool for identifying and monitoring potential hazards as part of HACCP and GMP program development.     

Overall migration from commercial coextruded food packaging multilayer films and plastics containers into official EU food simulants

The overall migration from a wide range of commercial five-layer coextruded packaging films into aqueous food simulants (distilled water, 3% aqueous acetic acid) and alternative fatty food simulant (iso-octane) was studied. The overall migration from commercial plastics cups (PS, HIPS, and PP) used for ice-cream or yogurt packaging into distilled water and 3% aqueous acetic acid was also studied. Test conditions for packaging material/food simulant contact and method of overall migration analysis were according to the EU directives and CEN-standards. The results showed that for all tested five-layer films and plastics (PS, HIPS, and PP) cups values of overall migration into aqueous simulants (0.11-0.79 mg/dm², 2.3-15.9 mg/l) and (<0.10-0.41 mg/dm², <0.80-3.1 mg/l) were significantly lower than the upper limit (10 mg/dm²) for overall migration from plastic packaging materials and articles into food and food simulants set by the EU Directive 90/128/EEC and their revisions. The overall migration values from five-layer materials into iso-octane were significantly higher (0.94-8.23 mg/dm², 18.8-164.7 mg/l) than the above values but are still lower than the upper limit for overall migration. Global migration values of five-layer films into aqueous food simulants seems to be independent of material thickness. In contrast, overall migration into iso-octane increases with film thickness.     

Free Fatty Acids from Orange Juice Absorption into Laminated Cartons and their Effects on Adhesion

Orange juice was stored in polyethylene/aluminum foil laminated cartons at 8°C room temperature (RT), 35°C, and 55°C for up to 1 yr. Studies were carried out on the formation of 6 major free fatty acids (FFAs) in orange juice and their absorption into packaging materials during storage. Simultaneously adhesion tests on packaging materials were performed. Depending on storage temperature FFA concentrations increased steadily during storage and they were absorbed (in parallel) into the food contact layer of the packaging materials. Delamination between the plastic layer and aluminum foil occurred when a critical absorption level of 4–5 mg/dm² packaging material (corresponding to a level of 10.5–13.2 mg/cm³ or 1.1–1.4% in the inside polymer layer) was exceeded.     

Environmental assessment of a multilayer polymer bag for food packaging and preservation: An LCA approach

A screening of LCA for the evaluation of the damage arising from the life cycle of a bi-layer film bag for food packaging was carried out. Such packages are made of films obtained matching a layer of PA (Polyamide) with one of LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) and are mainly used for vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging and preservation of food. The study was conducted in accordance with the ISO standards 14040:2006 and 14044:2006 choosing, as the functional unit, 1 m² of plastic film delivered to the food production and packaging firms. The system boundaries go from cradle to factory-gate and include the phases of: the raw materials production and processing for the bag manufacturing; and the bag delivering to the food production and packaging plant.The damage assessment showed that the most impacting phases are the production of the Polyamide (PA6) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) granules due to the consumption of primary resources, such as natural gas and crude oil, in the amount of 53.55 dm³ and 132.42 g respectively, and to the emission in air of 295.73 g of carbon dioxide, 617 mg of nitrogen oxides, 12.1 mg of particulates, 349 mg of sulphur dioxide and 2.51 mg of aromatic hydrocarbons. The most affected damage category is Resources, followed by Climate Change, Human Health, and Ecosystem Quality.For minimising the total damage associated with the life cycle of the examined bag, the film thickness thinning and the use of a recycled PA granule were considered: the assessment showed that the two proposals allowed a reduction of about 25% and 15% (respectively) of the damage assessed.