5 个调色葡萄品种酚类物质轮廓分析

对调色葡萄品种‘烟73’、‘烟74’、‘Kolor’、‘Tintorera’和‘Dornfelder’成熟期果实和小规模发酵的葡萄酒进行基本理化指标和酚类物质分析。结果表明,‘Kolor’和‘烟73’果实花色苷含量较高,均超过4?000?mg/kg（以果实鲜质量计）;‘Tintorera’和‘烟73’果实黄酮醇含量较低,分别为43.99?mg/kg和59.6?mg/kg（以果实鲜质量计）;‘Dornfelder’果皮黄烷醇含量最低。在5?个调色葡萄酿造的葡萄酒中,‘烟73’的花色苷质量浓度最高（1?827.87?mg/L）;‘Tintorera’葡萄酒中黄酮醇（19.87?mg/L）、黄烷醇（35.34?mg/L）和酚酸（43.77?mg/L）质量浓度都低于其他品种。对果实花色苷含量进行主成分分析,能将大部分品种很好地区分。在此基础上构建正交偏最小二乘判别分析模型,能将各品种的果皮和果肉很好地区分,筛选出的差异物质大多为F3’5’H羟基取代花色苷。利用葡萄果实和葡萄酒中共同的酚类物质构建Pearson相关系数模型,结果显示,有70.37%的物质具有较强的相关性。本研究针对调色葡萄的酚类物质轮廓进行分析,能为干红葡萄酒以颜色和辅色为目的的调配提供基础。     

脱落酸处理对赤霞珠和烟73葡萄果皮花色苷组分的影响

目的：比较赤霞珠和烟73葡萄果皮花色苷组分的差异,以及脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）处理提高果实\着色前提下,对两个品种果皮花色苷组分的影响。方法：以烟73和赤霞珠为试材,在着色前期用200 mg/L ABA处理果穗,对照用清水代替激素。成熟采收后,提取果皮中花色苷,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法,对花色苷组分进行定性和定量检测,然后进行比较分析。结果：对照中共检测到16 种花色苷,其中烟73果皮花色苷组分检测到15 种,含量为8 400.9 mg/kg,赤霞珠检测到12 种,含量为1 131.9 mg/kg。ABA处理显著提高了两品种果皮花色苷总量：烟73提高至10 380.2 mg/kg,赤霞珠提高至1 470.2 mg/kg。花色苷各大类总量也在不同程度得到提高。结论：烟73和赤霞珠两个不同葡萄品种间花色苷种类和含量存在显著差异。ABA处理显著提高了两品种果皮花色苷总量,并且不同种类花色苷含量均在不同程度得到提高,从而促进果实着色。     

酿酒葡萄新品系‘黑珍珠’果实品质分析

为了研究‘黑珍珠’葡萄果实的酿酒特性,探究其亲本信息,分别利用高效液相色谱-质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS）和气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS）技术分析了‘黑珍珠’葡萄果实的花色苷和香气化合物的组成及含量。HPLC-MS分析结果表明,‘黑珍珠’葡萄果皮中花色苷总量为2 774.76 mg/kg mf,以花色素双葡萄糖苷为主（71.2%）,推测其含有非欧亚种葡萄的血缘。GC-MS分析结果表明,‘黑珍珠’葡萄果实香气化合物以游离态与糖苷结合态形式存在,共检测到123 种化合物。简单序列重复分析结果表明,在供试品种（‘贝达’、‘烟73’和‘Kolor’）中未发现‘黑珍珠’的亲本。由于‘黑珍珠’果皮花色苷的种类与含量丰富,且其单品种葡萄酒颜色深,未来可以作为酿造具有地区特色红葡萄酒的新品种或调色新品种。     

桑叶葡萄和刺葡萄果皮中酚类物质的组成分析

采用超声波辅助法,利用甲醇从桑叶葡萄和刺葡萄果皮中提取花色苷,利用乙酸乙酯从两种葡萄果皮中提取非花色苷,液质联用定性定量分析两种葡萄果皮中花色苷及非花色苷酚的组成。桑叶葡萄果皮共检测出花色苷20种,非花色苷酚6种。刺葡萄果皮中共检测出花色苷6种,非花色苷酚15种。刺葡萄果皮中主要的花色苷是花翠素3,5-二葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素3,5-二葡萄糖苷,而桑叶葡萄果皮以二甲花翠素3,5-二葡萄糖苷和3'甲基花翠素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷为主。两种野生葡萄果皮中主要的非花色苷酚是阿魏酸酒石酸酯及其衍生物,阿魏酸己糖酯和槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷,刺葡萄果皮中非花色苷酚的含量比桑叶葡萄中的多。     

乙烯利处理‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实对其葡萄酒中酚类物质组分的影响

为探索外源乙烯利处理葡萄果实对葡萄酒酚类物质组分的影响,本研究以欧亚种酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,在转色期对葡萄果实喷施400 mg/L乙烯利（含1 mL/L Tween-80）（处理组）或1 mL/L Tween-80（对照组）,采收期采收并进行小容器发酵后,利用高效液相色谱离子阱-质谱联用对葡萄酒酚类物质进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,外源乙烯利处理可有效提高葡萄酒的饱和度（C值）及红黄色色调（a值和b值）,提高葡萄酒中以二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和二甲花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷为主的大部分单体花色苷和总花色苷质量浓度,同时以表儿茶素和没食子酸为主的大部分单体非花色苷酚和非花色苷酚的总质量浓度也显著提高,而葡萄酒中的花青素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷、花青素-3-O-(6-O-反式香豆酰化)葡萄糖苷和水杨酸质量浓度不受乙烯利处理的影响。偏最小二乘法判别分析结果表明,对照组和处理组的葡萄酒中酚类物质组分差异较大,花色苷酚中的二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷、甲基花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)葡萄糖苷和羟基苯甲酸中的没食子酸是其主要的差异性酚类物质组分,且对乙烯利处理的葡萄酒贡献较大。乙烯利处理能够提高葡萄酒中3’5’/3’-羟基取代花色苷、甲基化/未甲基化花色苷、吡喃/非吡喃花色苷的比例,同时降低3’5’/3’-羟基取代黄烷醇和3’5’/3’-羟基取代黄酮醇的比例。综上,田间应用乙烯利处理葡萄果实有助于葡萄酒中酚类物质的积累,可应用于酿酒葡萄的栽培生产中。     

不同整形方式对‘赤霞珠’葡萄果皮非花色苷酚的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,通过高效液气相色谱-质谱联用法研究单干单臂、单干双臂和单干双层双臂3 种整形方式对葡萄果皮非花色苷酚类物质的影响,并采用聚类分析和偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares-discrimination analysis,PLS-DA）筛选不同整形方式间单体非花色苷酚的差异组分。结果表明：与单干单臂和单干双层双臂整形相比,单干双臂整形可以提高葡萄果皮中的槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷类黄酮醇物质的含量;单干单臂和单干双臂整形葡萄果皮中杨梅酮-3-O-葡萄糖苷、异鼠李亭-3-O-葡萄糖苷、丁香亭-3-O-葡萄糖苷类黄酮醇类物质和表没食子酸儿茶素、儿茶素类黄烷醇类物质及原儿茶酸类、香草酸酚酸类物质的含量均高于或显著高于单干双层双臂整形,而单干双层双臂整形葡萄果皮中仅原花色素C1的含量较高。聚类分析结果显示,部分单体非花色苷酚类物质受年份的影响较大,且单干单臂和单干双臂整形对非花色苷酚类物质的影响模式类似,而两者与单干双层双臂整形区别较大。PLS-DA结果表明,不同整形方式的葡萄果皮中单体非花色苷酚类物质组分差异较大。槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、杨梅酮-3-O-葡萄糖苷等黄酮醇类物质是3 类整形方式所处理的葡萄果皮的主要差异组分,且对单干双臂整形处理组的贡献值较大,单干双臂整形的葡萄果皮中含有较高的黄酮醇类物质含量。综上,单干双臂整形方式有助于葡萄果皮非花色苷酚类物质的积累,可被应用于陕西关中地区酿酒葡萄的栽培生产中。     

酿酒葡萄成熟期间果实质地特性和花色苷含量变化

研究酿酒葡萄果实成熟期间质地特性和花色苷含量的变化规律,以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠（Vitis vinifera L.）为研究对象,采用物性分析仪对其果皮机械特性和果实质构多面特性进行分析,并测定了果皮中总花色苷和9 种花色苷组分的含量,以及花色苷可提取率。研究表明：赤霞珠葡萄果实成熟期间果皮中总花色苷和可提取花色苷含量逐渐增加,至转色后第6周达到最高,分别为880.29 mg/kg和841.38 mg/kg。果实成熟期间果皮厚度逐渐增加,并与花色苷含量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.568）,与花色苷可提取率呈极显著负相关（R2=－0.475）。表征果皮硬度的参数杨氏模量（Esk）与花色苷含量呈极显著正相关（R2=0.581）,与花色苷可提取率呈显著负相关（R2=－0.609）。果实质构多面分析各参数与果皮花色苷含量和可提取率之间均无相关性。     

叶幕微气候差异对‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄花色苷的影响

为探究叶幕微气候对葡萄花色苷种类及含量的影响,将鲜食酿酒兼用葡萄品种‘摩尔多瓦’设置为篱架 直立叶幕和棚架水平叶幕两种类型,连续两年于果实膨大期实时监控两种叶幕下果实周围微环境的温度和湿度, 利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定花后9～15 周葡萄果皮花色苷单体组分与含量,以及果皮花色苷代谢途径相关 酶的基因表达量与活力,分析两种叶幕下果实品质差异。结果表明：与篱架直立叶幕相比,棚架水平叶幕显著降 低了果实周围环境的温湿度波动幅度及高温比例,提升了成熟期的果实品质;2015年水平叶幕下果实还原糖质量 浓度、百粒质量和花色苷、类黄酮含量分别比直立叶幕提高2.39%、5.48%、27.11%、44.89%;2016年水平叶幕下 果实总酚、花色苷、黄烷醇含量分别比直立叶幕高5.09%、6.45%、13.67%。花后11～13 周棚架水平叶幕葡萄果皮 UDP-葡萄糖-3-O-类黄酮糖苷转移酶基因（Vitis vinifera UDP-glucoseflavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase,VvUFGT）、 O-甲基转移酶基因（Vitis vinifera O-methyltransferase,VvOMT）和多酚氧化酶基因（Vitis vinifera polyphenol oxidase, VvPPO）表达量显著上调,UFGT、OMT以及花青素苷-5-O-葡萄糖基转移酶（anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase, 5GT）活力则在花后13～15 周保持较高水平,而在花后9～13 周,篱架直立叶幕的UFGT、无色花色素氧化酶、 OMT、5GT以及PPO 5 种酶的基因表达量与相应酶活力变化趋势较为一致。成熟期花色苷单体分析表明,水平叶幕 下21 种花色苷单体中,13 种单体含量显著高于直立叶幕,花色苷的修饰程度显著提高,但单体种类未受影响。     

烟台产区三个红色酿酒葡萄品种花色苷的对比研究

以烟台蓬莱产区3个红色酿酒葡萄品种为试材,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定成熟果皮中花色苷的组分和含量。在3个品种中共定性检测出15种花色苷组分(‘马瑟兰’检测出12种,‘赤霞珠’和‘小味儿多’检测出14种)。利用相对百分含量对15种花色苷进行分析比较,结果表明:3个品种均以二甲花翠素类花色苷含量最高,其它花色苷含量依酿酒葡萄品种不同而各异;‘马瑟兰’的酰化类花色苷含量较高,3个品种的酰化表达方式存在差异;5种基本花色苷含量顺序为小味儿多马瑟兰赤霞珠,其中‘马瑟兰’中未检测到花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷。     

遮光处理对赤霞珠非花色苷酚组分及含量的影响

选取昌吉遗韵酒庄酿酒葡萄赤霞珠为实验材料,分别在果实5%转色至成熟及果实100%转色至成熟两个生长期采用遮光率为50%（网1）、20%（网2）的遮阳网在不同时期对果树树体顶端进行遮光处理,利用高效液相色谱-质谱（HPLC-MS）法检测葡萄果实果皮中非花色苷酚的含量,并对非花色苷酚组分构成进行偏最小二乘法（PLS-DA）分析,探究葡萄果实不同生长发育阶段搭建遮阳网对葡萄果实非花色苷酚结构组分及含量的影响。结果显示在果实5%转色至完全成熟搭建遮光率50%、20%遮阳网处理（Q1、Q2）及果实100%转色至完全成熟期间搭建遮光率20%遮阳网处理（H2）非花色苷酚总量均显著高于对照组,运用PLS-DA分析可得到,遮光处理会影响葡萄果实中黄烷-3-醇、槲皮素类物质、杨梅酮类物质的积累。     

Comparing the effects of exogenous abscisic acid on the phenolic composition of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) wines

Phenolic compounds from red wines exert a strong influence on wine quality. Abscisic acid (ABA) is essential for the physiological and biochemical function of plants, but few investigators have thoroughly researched its effects on phenolic compounds in dyer grape varieties. The effects of exogenous ABA treatment on the phenolic composition and individual anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin phenolic contents of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the ABA-treated grapes, including anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes were compared. The phenolic compounds in the Yan 73 wine were different from those in the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The phenolic content (anthocyanins and non-anthocyanins) of the Yan 73 wine was significantly higher than that of the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The concentrations of the individual phenolic compounds were enhanced by the ABA treatment for the two different wine varieties. The effects on the compositions varied, a similar trend was observed for the ratios of Cy-derivative and Dp-derivative pigments from the two wine varieties, and all non-acylated pigments were enhanced. The stilbene content was enhanced, the ratios of flavan-3-ol dimers and dimer-glucosides were reduced, and the effects on the composition of other compounds varied between the two grape varieties.     

Anthocyanin composition and anthocyanin pathway gene expression in grapevine sports differing in berry skin colour

The synthesis of anthocyanins was investigated in six grapevine sports with altered skin colour. Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz grapes contained anthocyanin monoglucosides as well as acetylated and coumarylated derivatives, predominantly of malvidin, whereas Pinot Noir grapes contained only anthocyanin monoglucosides. Fruit of some sports arising from varieties with black berries either lacked anthocyanins or had much lower levels than their progenitors. A bud sport of Cabernet Sauvignon (Bronze Cabernet) exhibited a 90% reduction in anthocyanin levels, but an anthocyanin composition similar to that of the normal Cabernet Sauvignon fruit. The fruit of a white-coloured bud sport of Bronze Cabernet did not contain anthocyanins. Coloured berries of sports originating on varieties with white-skinned berries also had lower levels of anthocyanins than black grapes, but like Pinot Noir contained very low levels of acylated anthocyanins. The berries of these sports also varied in the proportions of the different types of 3-monoglucosides they contained. The results suggest that control of 3-monoglucoside synthesis and modification vary in the sports. The expression of six genes from the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway was determined. Some genes were expressed in all grapes, even where little or no anthocyanins accumulated, but expression of the gene encoding a UDP glucose-flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase (UFGT) was only detected in coloured grapes that synthesised anthocyanins. Southern and northern analysis of the white grapes indicated that the UFGT gene was present but was not expressed. Thus the lack of anthocyanins in white-skinned varieties or sports correlates with a lack of expression of the UFGT gene, although the expression of some other flavonoid pathway genes was also decreased.     

Anthocyanin fingerprint of grapes: environmental and genetic variations

The anthocyanin content and fingerprint of four different Vitis vinifera L. varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah and Monastrell), the last grown in two different locations, were studied during three growing seasons to determine how seasonal conditions and location affect the content of berry anthocyanins and their relative percentages. Important differences in the content of anthocyanins were detected among varieties—Monastrell grapes from one of the locations presenting the highest anthocyanin content—when expressed as µg g^?1 of skin. However, due to the large berry size of Monastrell grapes, when the results were expressed as mg kg^?1 of berry, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grapes presented the highest concentration. Significant differences were found as regards growing season, the concentration of anthocyanins being lowest in 2003, the warmest year. As regards the relative percentage of the different anthocyanins, substantial differences were found between varieties, but again, the results were also influenced by the year under study. When the percentages of anthocyanins were used as variables in a discriminant analysis, a 100% correct classification of the four different varieties was obtained. Moreover, to check the suitability of this tool for classifying varieties, data referring to the anthocyanin percentages of the four varieties grown in very different agroecological conditions and at different ripening stages were tested with the model we have built, 89% of correct classification being achieved. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

HPLC法测定甘肃地产不同品种酿酒葡萄中的花色苷

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对甘肃地产9种酿酒葡萄中的花色苷进行了检测分析。在9种酿酒葡萄中共定性检测到9种花色苷(黑比诺除外,共检测到5种)。利用相对百分含量对这9种花色苷进行了比较分析,结果发现,9种酿酒葡萄都以二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量最高,其他花色苷含量依酿酒葡萄品种不同而各异;利用9种花色苷总峰面积对9种酿酒葡萄所含花色苷总量进行了比较分析,其含量顺序依次为美乐宝石晚红蜜蛇龙珠西拉赤霞珠品丽珠黑比诺马瑟兰;同时,利用4种花色苷对照品所得标准曲线方程对9种酿酒葡萄中的4种花色苷含量进行了定量计算。为甘肃产区酿酒葡萄在花色苷方面的品质评价提供了重要参考依据。     

Electrochemical behaviour and antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins from Chilean red wine,grape and raspberry

The anthocyanin fractions were extracted from Cabernet Sauvignon red wine, skins of Vitis vinifera grapes and raspberry fruits (Rubus idaeus). In red wine extract, 16 anthocyanins were identified, malvidin-3-O-glucoside being the main anthocyanin, which comprised 53.6% of the total anthocyanin in grape extract. Raspberry extract contained mainly delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assayed by electrochemical methods. Best resolution of the oxidation peaks for the extracts and diluted wine was obtained by pulse differential voltammetry. The wine diluted 20× presented values of P1 (443 mV) and P2 (676 mV) similar to those corresponding to wine extract, and to the anthocyanin malvidin-3-O-glucoside. The antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins in extracts of wine, grape skin and raspberry fruit was also determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) method.     

紫色马铃薯皮花色苷的结构鉴定

为纯化、鉴定紫色马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)皮中的花色苷组分,采用2%柠檬酸水和D101大孔树脂对紫色马铃薯皮花色苷进行提取分离,利用高效液相色谱外标峰面积法测定花色苷的含量为207.33 mg/g冻干粉,并通过HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS联用技术鉴定紫色马铃薯皮花色苷的组成。紫色马铃薯皮花色苷冻干粉共检出14种花色苷,以矮牵牛素-3-O-对香豆酰芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷含量最为丰富。所有花色苷中,4种花色苷以花色素-3-O-芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷形式存在,9种花色苷以花色素-3-O-对香豆酰(或咖啡酰或阿魏酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷的形式存在,除此之外,存在一种花色苷可能采取C3,C7-位双糖基取代。紫色马铃薯皮中所含花色苷绝大多数为酰化双糖基取代花色苷,结构稳定,因而紫色马铃薯皮作为一种食品加工副产物具有良好的开发前景和利用价值。     

基于液相色谱-质谱联用技术定性定量分析黑豆种皮中可溶型和结合型花青素

以超声波辅助有机溶剂提取法获得黑豆种皮可溶型花青素提取物,再进一步对不含可溶型花青素的黑豆种皮残渣使用酸水解和碱水解以及酸碱/碱酸轮提水解,获得黑豆种皮结合型花青素提取物。采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用仪分析鉴定各黑豆种皮提取物中所含有的共17 种花青素成分,包括11 种花青素糖苷类：飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-半乳糖苷、矮牵牛花素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛花素-3-O-半乳糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-芸香糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-己糖苷、芍药花素-3-O-己糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-(6”-丙二酰葡萄糖苷)和芹菜定-3-O-(6”-丙二酰葡萄糖苷);6 种花青素苷元：飞燕草素、矢车菊素、矮牵牛花素、天竺葵素、芹菜定和芍药花素。采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾-三重四极杆质谱联用仪精确定量各类黑豆种皮提取物中的花青素含量,结果表明,酸性结合型花青素提取物中结合型花青素的总含量最高。此外,在黑豆种皮的可溶型花青素提取物中,花青素主要以花青素糖苷类形式存在,苷元含量相对极少;而在结合型花青素提取物中,则主要以花青素苷元为主,糖苷类化合物相对少见。