冷喷涂CoNiCrAlY涂层在Na_2SO_4熔盐中的热腐蚀行为

利用冷喷涂技术制备CoNiCrAlY涂层,并对涂层进行了真空预氧化处理。结合X射线衍射,扫描电镜,能谱分析等方法研究预氧化处理前后的CoNiCrAlY涂层在900℃的Na2SO4熔盐中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:冷喷涂CoNiCrAlY涂层含氧量为0.12%(质量分数),孔隙率小于0.28%(体积分数)。真空预氧化处理在涂层表面生成厚约0.26μm连续、致密的α-Al_2O_3氧化膜;喷涂态涂层和预氧化涂层在热腐蚀150h后表面均生成了以α-Al_2O_3为主的致密连续氧化膜,保护了基体免受腐蚀破坏;真空预氧化处理有效减缓了S和O等元素向涂层内扩散的速率,从而提高了涂层的抗Na2SO4熔盐热腐蚀性能;高温热腐蚀对涂层的破坏作用远大于高温氧化。在相同温度下,涂层在单一Na2SO4熔盐中腐蚀时,Al的消耗速率约为高温氧化时的2倍。     

纯镁材微弧氧化膜在硫酸铜溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为

研究镁材微弧氧化膜在含Cu2+介质中的腐蚀行为对扩大其使用范围具有十分重要的意义。采用微弧氧化技术对纯镁材进行表面硅酸盐氧化处理,制备了陶瓷膜。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、交流阻抗谱等方法分析了微弧氧化膜在0.1 mol/L Cu SO4溶液中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物组成及腐蚀行为;采用极化曲线分析了Cu2+对Cl-腐蚀的影响。结果表明:因为微弧氧化膜中的Mg O与溶液中的H+发生反应,促进了溶液中Cu2+的水解,生成更多Cu(OH)2,并吸附于膜层表面,从而阻止了腐蚀介质向膜基面的进一步扩渗,减弱了腐蚀介质对膜层的腐蚀作用;腐蚀介质Na Cl溶液中加入Cu SO4后,未加剧微弧氧化膜的破坏,反而产生了缓蚀效果。     

涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H的热腐蚀行为

应用增重分析法研究涂有Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H在650,750℃空气中的腐蚀动力学曲线,采用XRD,SEM(EDS)和EPMA对腐蚀产物、腐蚀截面形貌和元素分布进行分析。结果表明:涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的合金在650,750℃的腐蚀动力学曲线均呈"抛物线"趋势;合金表面形成了含CuFe_2O_4的富Fe氧化物(外层)与富Cr_2O_3(内层)组成的双层氧化膜以及含有孔隙的贫Cr、富Ni的腐蚀影响区;提高腐蚀温度或延长腐蚀时间均可以导致氧化膜与基体分离甚至剥落,腐蚀影响区孔隙密度增大,裂纹向基体延伸。分析认为:腐蚀初期合金发生选择性氧化,形成多层氧化膜;复合盐的熔融破坏氧化膜的完整性,加速氧化、氯化以及硫化的交互作用,导致内硫化和内氧化。     

模拟烟灰/气腐蚀对Super304H钢高温持久性能的影响

本工作采用烟灰/气腐蚀-载荷协同作用试验装置,研究了模拟煤粉锅炉燃烧环境中烟灰/气腐蚀对Super304H钢650℃持久性能的影响,同时对比研究了相同温度下Super304H钢在静态空气中的持久性能。结果表明:在腐蚀环境中,不同应力下钢的持久寿命缩短,腐蚀效应对其持久寿命的影响随时间延长会更加显著;通过双对数法推算出Super304H钢在模拟烟灰/气腐蚀环境中的持久强度为80MPa,相比静态空气环境(140MPa)降幅约43%。静态空气中钢表面氧化膜表面较平整,而模拟烟灰/气腐蚀环境中钢表面腐蚀产物相疏松多孔,并出现大量"瘤状"凸起产物。XRD结合EDS表明,模拟烟灰/气腐蚀环境中试样表面除富含Fe、Cr、Ni的氧化物以外,还分布着硫化物以及复合硫酸盐的腐蚀产物。在载荷作用下,腐蚀介质引起腐蚀层/金属界面孔洞形核速率加快,这是Super304H钢持久强度降低的主要原因。     

新型Ni-Cr-Co基高温合金的热腐蚀行为

利用热重分析法研究了一种将用作超临界锅炉过热器管材料的新型Ni-Cr-Co基高温合金在空气中的热腐蚀行为，并利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜等实验手段详细分析了腐蚀产物和腐蚀机理．研究表明：合金表面涂覆Na2SO4后在850℃的腐蚀动力学行为遵循抛物线规律，而在950℃时因表面腐蚀产物的挥发偏离抛物线规律，抛物线速度常数逐渐降低；合金表面生成的腐蚀产物有Cr2O3、（NiCo）Cr2O4、TiO2和A1203，内析出物为Al2O3、TiO2和Cr与Ti的硫化物；合金表面涂覆Na2SO4在850℃和950℃发生了高温热腐蚀，其原因在于表面熔融态Na2SO4盐的存在使得表面形成的Cr2O3膜产生了碱性熔融．     

锅炉受热面复合陶瓷涂层的抗高温腐蚀性能

为寻找燃煤锅炉受热面高温腐蚀问题的解决方法,以过热器材料15CrMoG钢为研究对象,采用料浆法在其表面涂覆复合陶瓷涂层,并对涂层进行500℃高温烧结.分别测试了基材及涂层试样在SO2、H2S和硫酸盐环境下的抗高温腐蚀性能.结果表明:涂层表面不存在较大孔隙、裂纹等缺陷,涂层与基体之间具有较好的结合状态;涂层试样抗SO2、H2S和硫酸盐腐蚀性能优于基材15CrMoG钢,分别为基材的3.3,6.5,1.4倍;涂层经SO2及H2S气体腐蚀后,表面都生成了K2SO4颗粒,但由于涂层内部较为致密,阻止了S元素继续向内部扩散,因此涂层内部几乎没有K2SO4颗粒.     

AZ31镁合金在含NaCl和Na2SO4薄层液膜下的腐蚀行为

为研究大气污染物对镁合金腐蚀的影响规律,采用室内模拟暴露实验,分析AZ31镁合金含有NaCl和Na2SO4的薄层液膜下的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明:AZ31镁合金表面沉积NaCl和Na2SO4薄液层中的腐蚀动力学符合幂函数规律,说明NaCl和Na2SO4对AZ31镁合金腐蚀有加速作用;AZ31镁合金在NaCl薄层液膜下,阳极极化电流密度增大,R f和R ct值降低,促进了阴极去极化历程,增强了阳极活性溶解,加剧镁合金的阳极溶解;而在Na2SO4薄层液膜下,R f和R ct值增大,击穿电位与腐蚀电位的差值(ΔE)减小,这是由于难溶的硫酸盐和Mg(OH)2覆盖在AZ31镁合金表面,使金属溶解和离子扩散速率降低,导致阳极过程阻滞.     

不锈钢载波氧化膜/聚噻吩复合膜的制备及耐蚀性能研究

采用红外光谱、扫描电镜与原子力显微镜表征了304不锈钢载波氧化膜/聚噻吩复合膜,通过电化学测试技术考察了复合膜的耐蚀性能。结果表明:通过载波钝化后在304不锈钢氧化膜上电沉积聚噻吩(PTH)膜,制备了304SS/氧化膜/PTH的复合膜,膜层致密。复合膜中的PTH层的分子结构按α-α′规则连接,并具有良好的电化学氧化还原可逆性。复合膜的电导率在5～10S/cm的范围内。304SS/PTH和304SS/AV800/PTH,304SS/AV1020/PTH复合膜的界面结合强度分别为0.81,4.98MPa和5.10MPa。在1M H2SO4溶液中耐蚀性能测试结果,两种复合膜的腐蚀电位正移0.80V,使304不锈钢基体保持在钝化状态,抑制了304不锈钢基体的阳极活性溶解,提高了耐蚀性能。比较而言,由于304SS/AV1020表面多孔性与PTH膜形成多孔氧化物的嵌合层,使得304SS/AV1020/PTH复合膜的电化学、电学及界面结合强度均优于304SS/AV800/PTH复合膜。     

MB8镁合金化学转化膜的耐蚀性能

通过化学氧化工艺在MB8镁合金表面制备了化学转化膜,研究了氧化液种类、浓度对镁合金及表面转化膜的电化学腐蚀行为的影响,用扫描电镜观察了表面转化膜电化学腐蚀前后的微观形貌,用电化学分析系统测试了不同溶液中的塔菲尔极化曲线,并对MB8镁合金的氧化及电化学腐蚀行为进行了分析.结果表明,经1.5 min处理可以得到防护性能较好的氧化膜层,在0.5 mol/L H2SO4、0.5 mol/L NaOH和3.5%NaCl溶液中,带氧化膜镁合金的耐蚀性都比镁合金基体的耐蚀性好.     

环保型AZ31镁合金微弧阳极氧化工艺的研究

为了提高AZ31镁合金的耐蚀性,采用微弧阳极氧化技术并通过正交试验法开发出一种环保型的镁合金微弧氧化工艺.电解液最佳配方为:50.0g/L NaOH,20.0g/L H3BO3,10.0tg/L Na2B4O7·10H2O和10.0 g/L C6H5O7Na3,处理工艺为50 Hz、120 V交流电压氧化5 min.结果表明,经本工艺处理的镁合金表面覆盖一层主要由MgO组成的氧化膜,其自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流密度都有较大改善,能为AZ31镁合金基体提供更有效的保护.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.