木瓜蛋白酶水解克氏原螯虾虾壳提取虾青素的研究

研究以克氏原螯虾壳为原料,利用木瓜蛋白酶对其水解提取虾青素,通过单因素试验和中心点实验设计试验优化最佳酶解工艺条件。结果表明,酶解最适条件为:酶解温度48.5℃、pH值5.8、酶活力为2 522U/g、水解时间63min、配液与底物固比2∶1(g∶mL),每克湿虾壳含总类胡萝卜素115.76μg,比用酸处理法提取量提高13.82%。高效液相检测其虾青素质量浓度达到13.06g/dL,显著提高了萃取物中虾青素浓度,为虾的废弃物的综合利用提供了新的途径。     

二甲亚砜法破壁条件对法夫酵母虾青素提取效果的影响

为了评价二甲亚砜(DMSO)法破壁在法夫酵母虾青素提取中的应用价值,研究了提取溶剂、DMSO用量、破壁温度、料液比、浸提时间、浸提次数6个条件因子对破壁后法夫酵母虾青素提取的影响,并对破壁条件进行了优化。实验结果表明:丙酮为最理想的提取溶剂;各主要因素破壁温度、料液比和浸提时间对虾青素的提取量影响依次减小,单因素及正交实验得到法夫酵母中虾青素提取的最佳条件为:以丙酮为提取溶剂、DMSO用量1∶1.5、浸提2次、破壁温度45℃、料液比1∶20(w/v)、浸提时间40 min,优化后虾青素的提取量为4.42 mg/g。     

南极磷虾粉中虾青素的提取

为优化南极磷虾粉中虾青素的提取方法,在单因素实验基础上,选取提取温度、料液比、提取时间为自变量,虾青素含量为响应值,采用中心组合(Box-Behnken)实验设计方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对虾青素含量的影响。利用Design-Expert软件,建立了虾青素含量与提取过程中各因素的二次多项式模型,并通过响应面优化法确定虾青素提取方法的最佳条件:提取温度51.41℃、料液比63.13∶1(mL∶g)、提取时间61.15 min,此条件下虾青素含量达到最大为179.00 mg/kg。经过实验验证,南极磷虾粉中虾青素含量可达到179.21 mg/kg。     

小龙虾下脚料中虾青素和甲壳素提取工艺研究

我国每年会产生大量的虾头、虾壳、虾尾等富含虾青素和甲壳素等高经济价值成分的下脚料。以小龙虾下脚料为原料进行虾青素和甲壳素的连续提取,首先对原料进行去蛋白质处理,然后采用乙酸乙酯浸提法提取虾青素,最后采用HCl/NaOH浸提法从剩余固体中提取甲壳素。通过单因素及响应面优化试验,确定最佳虾青素提取工艺条件：料液比1∶19（g/mL）、浸提时间120 min、浸提温度34℃,此条件下虾青素提取量为67.40 μg/g;最佳甲壳素提取工艺条件：HCl溶液浓度1 mol/L、HCl溶液浸泡时间20 min、NaOH溶液浓度1 mol/L、NaOH溶液浸泡时间6.5 min,此条件下甲壳素提取率为24.13%。     

超声辅助酶法水解虾头蛋白工艺优化

为提取虾头蛋白制备虾味调味品,提高虾头副产物的附加值,优化虾头酶解工艺。并探讨虾头酶解液在模拟鱼翅加工中的利用。通过超声波辅助木瓜蛋白酶法提取虾头蛋白,探讨超声功率、超声时间、粒径、酶解温度、pH值、料液比、酶添加量、酶解时间对虾头蛋白水解度的影响,通过响应面试验法优化提取工艺。通过向模拟鱼翅胶液中添加不同含量虾头酶解液的水溶液,探讨酶解液含量对模拟鱼翅感官的影响。超声波辅助酶法提取虾头蛋白的最佳提取条件为:按料液比1∶10(g/mL),酶添加量8 000 U/g,粒径0.2 mm~0.3 mm的虾头中添加木瓜蛋白酶,调节pH值至7.5,在超声功率120 W条件下处理20 min后,60℃下酶解时间3 h,此条件下虾头蛋白的水解率可达65.25%(以虾头蛋白质量计)。添加80%虾头酶解液制备的模拟鱼翅已具备较优的感官特性。     

丰年虫卵中类胡萝卜素的提取工艺研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶破壁与有机溶剂浸提相结合的方法从丰年虫卵中提取类胡萝卜素。通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察酶解pH、酶解温度、酶用量、酶解时间及浸提溶剂用量等因素对提取效果的影响。结果表明,利用酶解与有机溶剂浸提法提取丰年虫卵类胡萝卜素的最佳工艺条件为:调节木瓜蛋白酶pH至6,酶用量为375U/g,在60℃下酶解25min,再采用30mL/g的丙酮浸提。在此条件下,丰年虫卵中类胡萝卜素的提取率为0.03mg/g。     

结合型虾青素酶法水解工艺的研究

利用木瓜蛋白酶将克氏原螯虾虾壳中的结合型虾青素水解,获取游离虾青素。以虾青素提取量为评价指标,考察了蛋白酶添加量、酶解温度、溶液pH值及酶解时间等因素对水解效果的影响。通过单因素和正交试验确定了酶解工艺的最佳条件为:木瓜蛋白酶添加量10%、酶解温度45℃、溶液p H值5.5、酶解时间5 h,在此条件下,虾青素的提取量为97.26μg/g;各因素对虾青素提取量的影响依次为溶液pH值酶解温度酶解时间木瓜蛋白酶添加量。     

响应面法优化南极磷虾壳中虾青素提取条件的研究

以南极磷虾壳为原料,采用响应面法研究虾青素的最优提取条件,为南极磷虾的加工利用提供依据。以虾青素提取率为指标,在单因素实验基础上确定实验因素及其水平,并设计三因素三水平响应面实验,研究料液比、提取温度和提取时间对提取率的影响。结果显示,最佳工艺条件是料液比为1：5（g／mL）、提取温度为30℃、提取时间为7h,提取级数为2级,此实验范围内虾青素的提取率达到最大值131．56μg／g。     

酶法提取浒苔多糖工艺优化的研究

以浒苔为原料,研究浒苔多糖的热水浸提-木瓜蛋白酶联合提取工艺.在单因素试验的基础上采用正交试验设计,对浒苔多糖的提取条件进行优化.结果表明,提取温度80 ℃,提取时间4 h,料液比1∶50 g/mL,提取2次的条件下,热水浸提效果最佳.木瓜蛋白酶用量8%,酶解温度60 ℃, 酶解时间2 h,料液pH 5.5的条件下,酶解效果最佳.浒苔多糖得率为27.75%,粗多糖纯度为50.03%.     

双酶提取蒲公英根多糖工艺优化及其抗氧化性研究

以蒲公英根烘焙粉为原材料,研究了酶添加量、酶解温度和酶解时间在单酶和双酶协同酶解条件下对多糖得率和DPPH自由基清除率的影响,并采用响应曲面法优化了酶解工艺参数。结果表明,单酶法提取1 g蒲公英根多糖的适宜条件为:料水比(g∶mL)1∶30,纤维素酶酶解温度50℃,酶添加量1.0 mL;木瓜蛋白酶酶解温度60℃、酶添加量2.0 mL。双酶法多糖提取率高于单酶法,影响多糖得率的工艺因素主次顺序为酶解时间、酶解温度、酶添加量。适宜的多糖提取条件为:料水比(g∶mL)1∶30,木瓜蛋白酶悬液(200 U/mL)添加量1.98 mL,纤维素酶悬液(200 U/mL)添加量0.99 mL,55℃提取1.9 h,此时多糖得率为32.97%±0.13%,DPPH自由基清除率为92.31%±0.25%。烘焙和酶解工艺可提高蒲公英根多糖得率和DPPH自由基清除率。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.