大庆葡萄园土壤养分状况调查及施肥策略

对大庆地区20个葡萄园耕作层土壤的pH值、有机质及11种有效态营养元素进行测定分析。结果表明:葡萄园土壤pH在7.94～9.17,均为碱性土壤,少数葡萄园土壤pH值已经超出葡萄的耐受范围;有机质含量低;速效N、有效Fe、有效Cu、有效Mn含量中等,有效P、有效K及其它中微量元素在多数地块含量丰富。为保障葡萄植株的健康生长,建议以"降碱提质(有机质)"为核心,在土壤测试基础上根据葡萄营养需求、目标产量以及土壤养分丰缺情况进行科学配方施肥。     

新疆兵团垦区‘红地球’葡萄根区主要土壤养分调查研究

葡萄根区土壤养分对葡萄品质和产量有直接影响,为了解新疆兵团鲜食葡萄产区土壤主要养分状况,在具有代表性的7个师的葡萄园0~60 cm土层土样采集,测定pH值、有机质、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量,为葡萄园合理施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:该葡萄产区根区土壤pH值整体偏高,平均值为8.27;有机质含量总体处于低水平,平均值为16.28 g/kg;水解性氮含量处于低及以下水平,平均值为66.95 g/kg;有效磷含量处于高水平,平均值为31.71 mg/kg;速效钾含量处于高及以上水平,平均值为161.56 mg/kg。整体来看,兵团垦区鲜食葡萄园土壤肥力整体状况较好,0~60 cm土层pH值随着土层深度的增加逐渐升高,有机质、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量随着土层深度的增加逐渐降低。研究表明,通过合理的配方施肥,增施有机肥、腐殖酸肥、种植绿肥及养殖蚯蚓等措施可进一步提升葡萄园土壤肥力。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地土壤营养诊断与叶分析

通过土壤营养诊断(4月)和叶分析(8月)明确了宁夏贺兰山东麓主要酿酒葡萄基地土壤和葡萄树体营养元素N、P、K的含量及丰缺状况,为葡萄园科学施肥提供了依据.提高土壤有机质含量、改善贫瘠的土壤环境是各基地当前的首要措施.土壤适时补充N素营养必不可少,而P、K肥的施用应依据土壤和叶柄的诊断结果有针对性的区别对待.     

浙江沿海涂地设施葡萄土壤营养状况及与果实品质的关系

为探讨沿海涂地设施葡萄土壤养分状况及其对果实品质的影响,以温岭市设施葡萄集中产地的13个葡萄园为对象,对土壤养分、pH值现状、覆膜前后的变化及与果实品质的关系进行了研究。结果表明,本市沿海设施葡萄园土壤pH6.6～8.2,呈弱碱性土,有机质、含盐量和碱解氮含量一般,分别为22.05 g/kg、0.8 g/kg和122.23 mg/kg,有效磷和速效钾达到108.52 mg/kg和753.38 mg/kg,含量十分丰富;覆膜后,土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾水平变化不大,但69.2%的园地土壤出现酸化,土壤含盐量也提高85.6%;pH值与单果质量间极显著正相关,有机质和有效磷与单果质量达显著负相关水平,其他元素与果实品质间无显著相关性。试验表明,我市葡萄园土壤养分状况整体较为适合葡萄生长,但覆膜后存在明显土壤酸化和盐碱化问题,且能影响果实品质,需合理施肥进行土壤改良。     

我国蔗区土壤主要养分的分析研究

广西、云南和广东蔗区的耕作层土壤有机质含量普遍较低;氮素营养中等偏下;磷素富集,部分的供应已达到适宜甚至富裕水平;钾素严重缺乏,且有加重的趋势;土壤酸化明显,土壤主要养分的供给总体上处于中下水平。     

山地酿酒葡萄园土壤养分与葡萄品质的关系

对陕西省耀县山地不同海拔高度3个酿酒葡萄园0～60cm土层土壤的养分及葡萄果实质量进行了研究。结果表明:各葡萄园土壤pH均在8.0左右,属石灰性土壤;土壤有机质和N、P、K等大量元素含量偏低,各种微量元素除了B含量很低外,其它元素均含量丰富。葡萄糖酸比随海拔升高而降低,总酚和单宁含量以海拔1096m的葡萄园含量最高。营养元素与葡萄各指标的相关性除了有效Mn与含糖量达显著水平外,其它均未达显著水平。     

土壤中营养元素对葡萄产量与品质的影响

研究了平度大泽山葡萄产地土壤中营养元素的含量与分布,探讨了土壤元素有效量与葡萄产量与品质的关系.结果表明,K与B元素与葡萄产量与品质呈正相关,而Cu与Fe呈负相关.尽管葡萄生长劣质区土壤中的全量元素并不低,但其N、P、K、Ca、Mg等五要素的有效量及有机质的含量明显低于优质区,主要由于劣质区土壤中较低的有机质限制了元素的生物有效性.微量元素与葡萄品质的关系表明,Ca与葡萄的甜度密切相关,Mg有利于增加葡萄的酸度.     

云南省耿马县蔗区土壤主要养分状况分析研究及对策

对云南省耿马县蔗区耕作层土壤养分的测定表明，该县土壤的有机质含量为中等，氮素营养中上，钾素供给中下，磷素供给中下。各村片差别较大，部分土壤养分严重缺乏，土壤明显酸化。土壤主要养分的供给总体上处于中下水平。根据该蔗区土壤养分状况提出相应对策。     

山东蓬莱坡地葡萄园耕作层土壤养分状况调查

为了探明坡地葡萄园耕作层土壤养分状况,以蓬莱南王山谷中粮君顶酒庄土壤样品为试材,选取4个不同位置的坡地葡萄园,从坡底至坡顶,以垂直距离20 m为一个土壤采样区域,测定了园区土壤各项养分指标。结果表明:随着采样高度的增加,在坡地葡萄园中部位置20~40 m处有较低的土壤有机质含量,较高的有效磷、速效钾的含量;交换性钙、镁含量则随着高度的增加呈减少趋势,有效铜含量呈增加趋势;土壤p H值、碱解氮、有效锌、有效铁含量的变化无一致趋势。坡向为坐南朝北坡地葡萄园有较高的土壤有机质、交换性钙、交换性镁含量,较低的土壤碱解氮、有效磷及速效钾的含量较低。采样区土壤以酸性和微酸性为主,有机质含量中等,碱解氮低,有效磷中等,速效钾含量高,中微量元素含量为中等以上水平。     

福建设施葡萄园土壤氮磷钾丰缺状况及垂直分布特征

以福建寿宁高优葡萄示范园区为研究对象,选取了14个代表性葡萄园(坡地6个和平地8个),按照0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm深度分层取样,测定土壤氮、磷、钾含量,研究养分的垂直分布特征。结果表明:平地葡萄园土壤氮磷钾含量明显高于坡地葡萄园;调查区内土壤养分具有明显的表层“积聚效应”,土壤全氮、全磷及其有效量和有效钾含量随土层深度的增加而增加;除有效磷和全钾在中等以上水平外,其他指标均处于缺素状态,土壤不平衡缺肥现象比较突出。因此,应充分考虑葡萄园所处的地形位置,合理配施氮磷肥,避免盲目过量施用钾肥,通过增施有机肥和补充土壤微生物菌剂,促进被固定土壤养分的重新利用。不仅减少化肥的投入量,还可以避免因养分大量富集而造成的农业面源污染。     

新疆葡萄酒产区土壤、葡萄叶、葡萄果实和葡萄酒中矿物质元素含量及其相关性分析

该研究以三个新疆葡萄酒产区（伊犁、和硕、石河子）的土壤、葡萄叶片、果实、葡萄酒为试验试材,应用原子吸收分光光度计分析对其中14种矿物质元素进行检测,并通过显著性分析、相关性分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）剖析这些矿物质元素在不同产区土壤、叶片、果实、葡萄酒中的含量及分布特点。结果表明,在同一产区土壤、果实、葡萄酒矿物质元素含量分布相似且具有相关性,在不同产区之间同种矿物质元素具有显著差异（P＜0.05）,三个产区土壤中Ca、Al、Fe含量最高,叶片、果实、葡萄酒中K、Mg、Ca含量最高。伊犁产区的土壤和果实矿物质元素间具有极显著相关性（P＜0.01）,果实中Mn元素与土壤中Fe、Mn元素呈现极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。PLS-DA结果表明,土壤中矿物质基本可区分产地差异,葡萄叶、果实、果酒中的矿物质可以对三产区信息进行区分。     

葡萄园土壤中铜、铁、锌、锰四种金属元素的分析与研究

采用湿法消解处理样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法检测河北昌黎葡萄酒产区5 个葡萄园土壤中的铜、铁、锌、锰4 种金属元素。并对比研究3 种葡萄、葡萄酒与葡萄园土壤中铜、铁、锌、锰4 种金属元素含量的关系。对不同葡萄园和同一葡萄园种植不同品种葡萄,其土壤中金属元素含量进行差异性分析。结果显示：葡萄园地理位置和微环境及所栽培的葡萄品种、树龄和架势不同,土壤中4 种金属元素含量不同,差异性显著。铁、锌、锰3 种元素在土壤中的含量与葡萄中的含量有一定关系。赤霞珠、美乐和西拉3 种葡萄的土壤中铜、铁、锌的含量与葡萄及其葡萄酒中相对含量规律相同,而锰不同。     

Influence of the farming system and vine variety on yeast communities associated with grape berries

Wine production in most countries is based on the use of commercial strains leading to the colonisation of the wineries by these strains with the consequent reduction of autochthonous biodiversity. This implies that wine styles could therefore become standardised. The vineyard could be an important source of native yeasts of oenological interest. For this reason the objective of this study was to compare two agronomic conditions with the aim of preserving yeast biodiversity in the vineyard. A three year sampling plan was designed to evaluate the influence of different agronomic parameters on the biodiversity of fermentative grape yeasts. Thus two vineyards, one organic and one conventional, with three different grape varieties (Shiraz, Grenache and Barbera) were chosen. In total, 27 samples were collected from both vineyards. Of these, 1080 colonies were isolated and a total of 9 species were identified. The strains identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae were genotyped by microsatellite analysis obtaining nine different electrophoretic patterns. Classical ecology indexes were used to obtain the richness (S), the biodiversity (H') and the dominance (D) of the species studied. The results indicated a clear influence on grape associated yeast diversity of the phytosanitary treatment used in the vineyard. This is the first time that classical ecology indexes have been used to study the ecology of the spontaneous fermentation of grape musts and the species Candida sorbosa and Pichia toletana have been described in vineyards of the Madrid winegrowing region.     

产地土壤重金属对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的影响及风险评估

该实验以宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区酿酒葡萄产区土壤为研究对象,探究产地土壤中重金属元素被葡萄吸收后对酿酒葡萄安全情况的影响及其相关关系。研究发现,贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区土壤及酿酒葡萄中Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Fe、Mn、Zn元素平均含量分别为19.9 mg/kg、1.28 mg/kg,8.1 mg/kg、0.056 1 mg/kg,4.5 mg/kg、0.034 0 mg/kg,0.082 1 mg/kg、0.001 2 mg/kg,1.5 mg/kg、0.008 7 mg/kg,0.030 0 mg/kg、0.000 6 mg/kg,4.2 mg/kg、0.918 mg/kg,68 mg/kg、1.27 mg/kg,2.1 mg/kg、8.12 mg/kg。酿酒葡萄重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量均无显著正相关关系,土壤污染单因子指数表明酿酒葡萄产地土壤污染很低,每千克体质量每周可耐受摄入量（PTWI）和目标风险系数（THQ）表明,贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄无重金属安全风险。     

Ochratoxin A in grape pekmez (grape molasses) consumed in Turkey

In this study, ochratoxin A (OTA) in 55 home-made, 20 commercial and 7 organic grape pekmez (grape molasses) produced in Turkey was investigated. OTA was detected in 73% of home-made pekmez samples, in 35% of commercial pekmez samples and in 71% of organic pekmez samples. Eleven per cent of the samples had OTA levels higher than 10 µg/l. The highest OTA level (31 µg/l) was detected in organic pekmez. The maximum OTA levels were 15 µg/l and 12 µg/l in home-made and commercial pekmez samples, respectively. Mean OTA levels were 3.5 µg/l, 1.4 µg/l and 9.2 µg/l in home-made, commercial and organic pekmez samples, respectively. Organic pekmez samples and home-made pekmez samples had higher OTA contamination than commercial pekmez samples. Results confirm OTA contamination in grape pekmez samples, indicating that the OTA level in grape pekmez could be a potential risk for consumers.     

Yield of white clover and its fixation of nitrogen as influenced by nutritional and soil factors under controlled environment conditions

White clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca) was grown in 21 UK soils. Yield and N concentration in the herbage (leaf + petiole) were determined at six successive harvests and were related to the supplies of major nutrient elements (as indicated by analysis of the herbage) and to various soil properties. The amount of N₂ fixed was estimated by subtraction of the soil N supply from the total amount in the clover. The results suggest that critical concentrations (i.e. concentrations just less than those required for maximum growth) of K, Ca and S in the leaf + petiole after 4 weeks regrowth were approximately 1.4%, 1.3% and <0.16% respectively. The relationship between herbage yield and concentration of N suggests a critical concentration in leaf + petiole of about 3.5% N; lower values probably reflect sub-optimum rates of N₂ fixation and higher values, a restriction of clover growth per se. A reduction in herbage yield attributable to deficiency of K and/or Ca appeared to occur on some soils at harvests 5 and 6, but for any one soil, yield changed little between harvests 2 and 4 inclusive. Differences in herbage yield and in the amount of N₂ fixed over this period were, therefore, examined in relation to various soil properties. Significant positive correlations were obtained between herbage yield and contents of clay, organic matter, water content at 100 cm tension and cation exchange capacity. The amount of N₂ fixed was less closely correlated than was herbage yield with these soil properties.     

新疆石河子、伊犁产区酿酒葡萄果实矿质元素特征分析

为揭示新疆石河子和伊犁产区赤霞珠、美乐、西拉及马瑟兰酿酒葡萄果实矿质元素含量情况以及品种对于酿酒葡萄果实中矿质元素含量的影响,采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法（ICP-MS）法测定新疆石河子和伊犁产区的赤霞珠、美乐、西拉及马瑟兰葡萄浆果中Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu共7种矿质元素含量,并使用偏最小二乘法-判别分析（PLS-DA）进行分析。结果显示,两产区酿酒葡萄果实在成熟时均为K元素含量最高,石河子产区马瑟兰葡萄中K元素含量显著高于其他品种;伊犁产区美乐葡萄中Ca含量明显高于其他品种,其他矿质元素含量均在1 mg/g以下。石河子产区酿酒葡萄K元素在区分元素含量差异时贡献较大,伊犁产区酿酒葡萄则为K元素与Ca元素。     

澧阳平原提子类葡萄抗病性调查分析及对策

为更好地开展葡萄病害防治工作,减少因病害造成的经济损失,采用系统观察与一般调查方式,根据检索相关书籍、咨询有关专家等对湘西北的澧阳平原的提子类葡萄进行病害调查。结果表明,澧阳平原提子类葡萄病害种类有13种,以霜霉病、灰霉病、裂果病、青霉病、软腐病为主,且7月和8月为病害高发期。不同葡萄品种抗病性存在差异,抗病性较强的葡萄品种为:克伦森无核、红宝石、维多利亚。提子类葡萄病害主要受葡萄品种、环境条件、土壤肥力、生产管理、贮藏条件等的影响,进行合理控制,葡萄病害能得到有效防治。