碎猪肉边角料重组中卡拉胶的应用研究

主要研究以鲜猪肉分割过程中产生的碎精肉为原料,经腌制后添加转谷氨酰胺酶、卡拉胶进行重组的工艺.以转谷氨酰胺酶添加量、卡拉胶添加量和反应时间为影响因素,以坚实度和内聚性为指标进行重组工艺参数优化,结果表明,在原料肉中添加3 g/kgTG和1.5 g/kg卡拉胶,6℃条件下反应15 h,重组肉的坚实度和内聚性分别为1 128 g和0.400.     

鲢鱼纯鱼肉重组制品凝胶工艺研究

通过单因素试验和响应面设计法,确定谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)、氯化钠(NaCl)与酪蛋白酸钠(SC)的配合使用对鲢鱼纯鱼肉重组制品凝胶强度的最佳工艺条件为:TG酶添加量为0.9％,酪蛋白酸钠添加量为1.1％,NaCl添加量为1.8％,此时鲢鱼肉重组蛋白凝胶强度可达2 123.54 g×cm.     

含有谷氨酰胺转胺酶的碎肉粘结剂的研究

为提高低附加值碎肉的利用率,本文以猪肉为原料,利用微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MTG)开发一种碎肉制品粘结剂.MTG与不同浓虔的NaCl组成粘结剂,3%的NaCl与MTG组成的粘结剂重组碎肉效果最好,粘结力达到1.4kg.MTG与不同浓度的酪蛋白、大豆蛋白和小麦蛋白组成粘结剂重组碎肉,添加1%的酪蛋白效果最好,粘结力达到1.5kg.1%的酪蛋白与不同浓度的酶组合作用于碎肉,实验表明,80U/100g肉的酶量效果最佳.本文还探讨了NaCl对酪蛋白/MTG体系粘结效果的影响,低浓度的NaCl会减弱酪蛋白/MTG体系的效果;而3%浓度的NaCl可以提高粘结效果.     

酪蛋白的转谷氨酰胺酶酶促糖基化交联条件及产物性质

在氨基葡萄糖存在的条件下,利用转谷氨酰胺酶(EC2.3.2.13)对酪蛋白进行糖基化交联修饰。以修饰酪蛋白产物中氨基葡萄糖的导入量为指标,采用单因素试验分别考察反应体系pH值、酶添加量、反应温度和时间对修饰反应的影响。优化后的适宜修饰条件为:酪蛋白底物质量浓度为30g/L,氨基葡萄糖添加量为3mol(每kg酪蛋白中)、pH值为7.5、酶添加量为10kU(每kg酪蛋白中)、反应温度为37℃、时间4h。与酪蛋白和转谷氨酰胺酶促交联的酪蛋白相比,修饰酪蛋白产物的乳化性质和胶凝性质得到显著改善,并且体外消化性能未受到影响,表明转谷氨酰胺酶催化的糖基化交联修饰可以用于改善酪蛋白的这些功能性质。     

酪蛋白与明胶的酶促交联与产物的流变学性质

利用转谷氨酰胺酶对酪蛋白和明胶进行酶促混合交联。在酪蛋白与明胶比例为4︰1(质量比)时,以交联产物中羟脯氨酸质量分数为指标,采用单因素试验研究酶添加量、反应时间和温度对交联反应的影响。优化后的适宜交联条件为:底物质量浓度固定为50 g/L,酶添加量为每克蛋白质20 U,反应时间为4 h,温度为45℃。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明产物中含有蛋白质聚合物。与原料酪蛋白、转谷氨酰胺酶促交联的酪蛋白相比,所得到的产物的分散液表观黏度和黏弹性均有显著的改变,表明转谷氨酰胺酶催化的酪蛋白和明胶混合可以用于改善其流变学性质。     

魔芋粉与黄原胶复配物对重组牛肉品质特性的影响

将转谷氨酰胺酶和酪蛋白酸钠作为重组牛肉使用的黏合剂,添加量为原料牛肉质量的1.2％(m/m).为了改善重组牛肉的品质特性,在此基础上添加魔芋粉与黄原胶复合物,通过测定重组牛肉的粘结强度、剪切力、解冻损失、蒸煮损失、色差和质构来说明食用胶对重组牛肉加工特性的影响.研究结果表明,魔芋粉与黄原胶的比例为6∶4,复合食品胶添加量为0.4％(m/m)时,重组牛肉的粘结强度最好(p＜0.05),生肉和熟肉的剪切力均最低,改善了肉的嫩度,使得重组肉具有最好的粘结效果.     

辅料黏合剂的添加对调理猪排品质的影响

以猪颈背肉为主要原料,研究转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)、酪蛋白酸钠(SC)、复配胶(卡拉胶和魔芋胶1:1)对调理猪排品质的影响。通过单因素实验,研究转谷氨酰胺酶、酪蛋白酸钠、复配胶的添加对调理猪排剪切力、离心损失、蒸煮损失、水分含量、色差、出品率、感官评分的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,进行响应面试验,确定粘合剂的最优添加量。单因素结果表明,TG添加量为0.60%时,保水性及感官评分最高,酪蛋白酸钠添加量为0.10%,或复配胶(卡拉胶和魔芋胶1:1)添加量为0.20%时,既能保证适宜的嫩度与保水性,感官评分也最高。响应面试验结果表明,在转谷氨酰胺酶添加量为0.70%、酪蛋白酸钠添加量为0.07%、复配胶添加量为0.21%时,所加工的调理猪排的感官评分最高,总分60分时,得分为55.54。     

响应面法优化鱼肉重组制品加工工艺

为研究淀粉、转谷氨酰胺酶和大豆蛋白对鱼肉重组制品品质的影响,以淀粉、转谷氨酰胺酶和大豆蛋白的不同添加量为因素,凝胶强度及白度为考察指标,做单因素和二次回归正交旋转组合试验,结果得到最佳工艺条件:淀粉39.11%、转谷氨酰胺酶1.38U/g鱼肉、大豆蛋白3.56%。与传统的15%淀粉添加量的鱼肉重组制品进行对照试验,结果新型鱼肉重组制品的品质优于传统鱼肉重组制品。     

鲳鱼纯鱼肉重组制品制备工艺的优化

以新鲜鲳鱼为原料,利用响应面法优化纯鱼肉重组产品制备工艺.以凝胶强度为指标,在低温(5℃)条件下,通过单因素试验选取试验因素与水平,确定NaCl、酪蛋白酸钠及谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)添加量3个因素,做响应面实验.由响应面分析法得出最佳添加工艺是:NaCl 1.47%、酪蛋白酸钠1.06%、TG酶0.54%.     

鲶鱼香肠加工工艺及鲶鱼骨酶解物对其防腐效果的研究

以鲶鱼肉为原料,进行鲶鱼香肠加工工艺优化研究,确定了鲶鱼香肠最佳工艺参数为:擂溃时间为5 min,淀粉添加量为50 g/kg,食盐添加量为30 g/kg.以鲶鱼骨酶解物做防腐剂,探索酶解物对鲶鱼香肠的抑菌效果,结果表明鲶鱼骨酶解物对香肠有一定抑菌效果,其中1.5%的添加量效果最佳.     

超高压与转谷氨酰胺酶协同对碎猪肉凝胶成型的研究

研究了超高压与TGase协同对碎猪肉凝胶成型的影响,采用Box-Behnken实验设计获得的碎猪肉凝胶成型最佳工艺条件为:TGase添加量4.5g/kg,压力水平240MPa,保压时间10min。最佳工艺条件下的碎猪肉凝胶成型制品与鲜猪肉的硬度、粘着性、内聚性、胶凝性差异不显著。超高压与TGase结合的技术,实现了碎猪肉的凝胶成型,为碎猪肉边角料的利用提供了新方法。     

Effect of salt and transglutaminase (TG) level and processing conditions on quality characteristics of phosphate-free, cooked, restructured pork shoulder

Six treatments of phosphate-free restructured cooked pork shoulder were produced with two salt levels (2% and 1%) and three transglutaminase levels (0%, 0.075% and 0.15%) under two processing conditions (72 °C/65 min and 78 °C/65 min). Salt level significantly affected (p < 0.05) the chemical composition, the cooking losses, the colour, the sensory attributes and the overall acceptability of the product. Transglutaminase level affected (p < 0.05) only the consistency and the overall acceptability. The processing conditions on the contrary, affected the moisture and the protein content, the cooking losses, the consistency and the juiciness of restructured cooked pork shoulder. Transglutaminase can be used at a level of 0.15% with reduced salt level (1%) and processing at 72 °C/65 min to produce phosphate-free restructured cooked pork shoulder with acceptable sensory attributes.     

Effect of non-meat proteins on hydration and textural properties of pork meat gels enhanced with microbial transglutaminase

The combined effect of incorporation of four non-muscle proteins, NMP (blood plasma, BP; sodium caseinate, SC; soy protein isolate, SPI; gelatin, G) at 2 g/100 g levels on hydration and textural characteristics of pork gels processed without or with 0.6 g/100 g microbial transglutaminase preparation (MTG) was investigated. Addition of SC and BP most favourably affected hydration properties and thermal stability, yielding lower cooking loss and expressible moisture for pork gels. Interactions between NMP and MTG were observed. Improvement of gel strength by addition of transglutaminase was observed for treatments containing SC and BP but not G nor soy isolate. Of the four proteins tested SC was found to be a superior substrate for MTG in enhancing textural properties of a gelled meat system. None of the tested ingredients was able to yield gel cohesiveness equivalent to the control containing 8% muscle proteins. Results of this study indicate a potential for using MTG to improve or modify the functional and textural properties of investigated food proteins (SC and BP in particular) in comminuted meat products.     

Use of Soy Protein and Microbial Transglutaminase as a Binder in Low-sodium Restructured Meats

ABSTRACT: Pork sticks were prepared by mixing pork chucks with various amounts of bisulfite-treated soy protein and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) to evaluate the potential of using soy protein as meat binders. According to tensile strength, the favorable conditions for binding the restructured pork chunks were 5% soy protein containing 0.2% NaHSO₃ and 20 unit MTGase/g, and the setting condition was 60 min at 40°C. The tensile strength and cooking yield of restructured pork sticks made with bisulfite-treated soy protein and MTGase were much higher than those of using salt, suggesting the high potential of using soy protein and MTGase as binders in products where NaCl reduction is desired.     

魔芋胶在低脂猪肉丸中的应用研究

魔芋胶是一种优质的膳食纤维和功能性食品胶,为降低猪肉丸中的脂肪含量,改善其食用品质,本实验采用单因素分析法及正交实验设计,用质构仪测定猪肉丸的四个重要质构指标:硬度、弹性、黏聚性和耐咀性,并以此为基础确定综合质构指标,向猪肉丸中添加魔芋胶,研究其对肉丸品质的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为2%的魔芋胶,不会影响肉丸的质构品质,并且可以降低脂肪含量。最终确定猪肉丸中优化的添加物量为:魔芋胶2g/100g猪肉,淀粉16g/100g猪肉,碱[Ca(OH)2]0.48g/100g猪肉。     

Use of calcium lactate with salt-phosphate and alginate-calcium gels in restructured pork rolls

The study was carried out to evaluate restructured pork rolls (RPR) prepared by using salt-phosphate and alginate-calcium gels with or without calcium lactate. Five types of RPR were prepared with: (1) 1.75% sodium chloride+0.3 phosphate (SP); (2) 1.75% sodium chloride+0.3% phosphate+0.3% calcium lactate (SPL); (3) 0.7% sodium alginate+0.125% calcium carbonate (AC); (4) 0.7% sodium alginate+0.3% calcium lactate (AL); and (5) 0.7% sodium alginate+0.125% calcium carbonate+0.3% calcium lactate (ACL). Cooking yield and cooked binding strength were significantly (P<0.05) higher in RPR containing salt and phosphate whereas pH and raw binding strength were significantly (P<0.05) higher in RPR containing alginate and calcium. Texture profile analysis indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher firmness and cohesiveness in RPR containing SPL and ACL. Sensory scores were significantly (P<0.05) higher in SP, SPL and ACL than AC and AL treatments. Results of storage studies indicated significant (P<0.05) increases in pH, TBARS numbers, metmyoglobin and microbial counts with storage in all the treatments. The results suggest that quality characteristics of raw product were better when RPR were prepared with alginate-calcium whereas quality characteristics of cooked product were better when rolls were prepared with salt-phosphate. Further, addition of calcium lactate improved sensory characteristics and shelf life of both alginate-calcium and salt-phosphate restructured pork rolls.     

重组鹿肉制品工艺参数优化与特性研究

本研究以鹿肉、猪肉为原料,研制开发重组鹿肉制品.首先通过单因素试验研究各功能性添加物[谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)、大豆蛋白、食盐、复合磷酸盐]和加工条件(酶作用温度、酶作用时间)对重组肉重组特性的影响.结果表明TG用量、大豆蛋白用量、食盐用量和酶作用温度对重组特性影响较大,酶作用时间和复合磷酸盐用量的影响较小.然后基于Bo...     

Changes in physicochemical properties of pork myofibrillar protein combined with corn starch and application to low-fat pork patties

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) gels as affected by different additional levels of corn starch and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and applied to pork patties at two levels of corn starch. MPs with MTGase have higher properties than those without MTGase, except cooking loss (CL), which improved with higher corn starch concentrations. Although gel strength did not differ among the treatments, microstructures of corn starch were swollen, which proved that they were holding water. When corn starch was added, CL and thawing loss decreased, but shear value increased. The diameter shrinkage values of pork patties decreased with increasing corn starch concentrations. In addition, the pork patties with 2 g/100 g corn starch have a higher water-holding capacity than the controls. The meat industry could use 1.0 g/100 g corn starch as a water-binding agent to manufacture pork patties.