磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的初步研究

以磷石膏为原料,直接采用水热法制备硫酸钙晶须,为磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的工业化生产提供重要理论依据。实验考察反应温度、料浆初始pH、反应时间、料浆浓度及磷石膏粒度对生成硫酸钙晶须的影响,用扫描电镜观察硫酸钙晶须的形貌,并通过偏光显微镜和图像分析软件分析不同反应条件下制备的硫酸钙晶须的直径和长度。结果表明:反应温度为130~140℃,料浆初始pH为4.0,反应时间为4 h,料浆质量分数为5%,原料粒度为50~75μm是生成硫酸钙晶须的最佳反应条件,在此条件下可制备出平均直径为2μm,长径比为42的硫酸钙晶须产品。     

用天然石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的研究

以天然石膏为原料,采用水热法制备硫酸钙晶须。以电镜作为分析硫酸钙晶须直径的手段,得出硫酸钙晶须的最优化工艺条件为:反应温度为130℃、料浆初始pH为10.0、料浆质量分数为5%、原料粒度小于122μm、反应时间为1.5 h。在此条件下,制备出了平均直径为1.32μm、长径比为76~90的硫酸钙晶须产品。中试试验结果显示,以天然石膏为原料制备硫酸钙晶须的长径比和直径与以纯石膏为原料制备的硫酸钙晶须相当。得出的结论对硫酸钙晶须的工业化生产具有重要的指导意义。     

磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的研究

随着我国磷复肥的发展,磷石膏的产量逐年增多,综合利用面临严重挑战。以磷石膏为原料,采用酸结晶提取法制备硫酸钙晶须,考察反应温度、盐酸浓度、反应时间、液固质量比等因素对生成硫酸钙晶须的影响,用扫描电镜观察硫酸钙晶须的形貌,并分析了硫酸钙晶须的物理及化学特性。结果表明,生成硫酸钙晶须的最佳反应条件为反应温度80℃、盐酸w(H~+)0.20%~0.22%、液固质量比20、反应时间30 min,在此条件下可制备出平均直径为1~4μm,长径比为40~120的硫酸钙晶须产品,满足造纸及填料用要求。     

稀土石膏常压酸化法制备硫酸钙晶须的研究

以含稀土的石膏为原料运用常压酸化法合成硫酸钙晶须,探讨了不同工艺条件对生成的硫酸钙晶须形貌的影响,同时还考察了晶型助长剂的种类和晶型助长剂的含量对硫酸钙晶须生长的影响,利用SEM和XRD分别对硫酸钙晶须的表面形貌、物相特征做了表征分析。实验得到制备硫酸钙晶须的最佳的反应条件：稀土石膏质量浓度为0.22 g/mL、反应时间为25 min、盐酸浓度为2.8 mol/L、反应温度为70 ℃、陈化时间为4 h,在此条件下合成的硫酸钙晶须平均长度为61 μm,平均长径比为30.5;通过对比实验选出了CuCl₂作为促进硫酸钙晶须生长的助长剂,在添加5%（质量分数）的CuCl₂的情况下可使硫酸钙晶须长径比从30.5增至41,长度从61 μm增至81 μm。     

磷石膏水热合成法制备硫酸钙晶须工艺研究

研究了以磷石膏为原料水热合成法制备硫酸钙晶须的工艺条件。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为磷石膏占总物料的质量分数为3.0%、反应体系p H 4.0、反应温度135℃、反应时间3.0 h;该条件下,硫酸钙晶须外观形貌规整,分散均匀,平均白度为96.99%,平均直径为0.15μm,平均长径比为63.89;用所得硫酸钙晶须制得的晶须纸性能优异。     

磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的工艺研究

采用常压酸化法对磷石膏分别进行硫酸除杂和盐酸溶解,将磷石膏中的钙富集于溶解液中.再对溶液进行处理制备硫酸钙晶须,考察硫酸钙初始浓度、结晶温度及添加助晶剂种类和用量对硫酸钙晶须组成、结构和形貌的影响.实验结果表明:所制晶须均为二水硫酸钙晶须;以乙醇作为助晶剂所制备的晶须形貌最好.当乙醇的添加量为15 mL(即V乙醇∶V盐酸=1∶2)时所制备的晶须比较均一,平均直径为25 μm,平均长径比约为80.     

脱硫石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的试验研究

以脱硫石膏为原料通过水热合成法制备硫酸钙晶须,借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、热重分析仪等测试手段进行分析,研究了酸化预处理、料浆浓度以及反应温度对制备硫酸钙晶须的影响。结果表明:酸化预处理可以有效去除原料中的CaCO₃杂质;随着料浆浓度和反应温度的增加,晶须长径比均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当料浆浓度为3%(质量分数),pH值为6.5,反应温度为120 ℃,反应时间为2 h时,取得的硫酸钙晶须最佳平均长度为161.2 μm,最佳平均长径比为46.06。     

工业废渣磷石膏水热合成硫酸钙晶须的研究

以磷石膏为主要原料,采用水热法制备硫酸钙晶须。应用正交设计对磷石膏生产硫酸钙晶须中各参数进行优化。研究反应时间、反应温度、晶种及晶型助长剂用量等对硫酸钙晶须制备的影响。结果表明：在原料粒径小于 175 μm,初始pH为4的情况下,反应温度为130 ℃,反应时间为4 h,晶种和晶型助长剂用量分别为磷石膏质量的10%和30%时,制备出了长径比为70~100的硫酸钙晶须。经XRD和TG-DTG分析可知,合成的产物为半水硫酸钙晶须。     

“氨法”纯化磷石膏水热反应制备硫酸钙晶须

以磷石膏为原料,采用"氨法"除杂纯化和水热反应制备硫酸钙晶须,考察磷石膏除杂及制备硫酸钙晶须的工艺条件。结果表明:当磷石膏、碳酸氢氨和氨水的配料比为1.0∶1.0∶0.8,温度T_1、T_2和T_3均为25℃,盐酸浓度2.5 mol·L~(-1),碳酸钙、盐酸的配料比为1∶2.5时,为其除杂最优条件;在此条件下,磷石膏经纯化处理后得到高纯度硫酸钙,其转化率为86.93%,纯度和白度分别是99.5%和99.3%。水热反应的最优条件为反应时间5 h、浆料质量浓度为8%和反应温度150℃;在此条件下制得的硫酸钙晶须平均长径比125.84,单个晶须长径比最大为169.66,对应晶须长度为554.43μm。     

磷石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的条件研究

磷石膏是湿法制备磷酸过程中产生的固体废渣,既会对环境产生污染,又会造成资源浪费。为提高废料磷石膏的综合利用价值,研究了以磷石膏原料制备硫酸钙晶须,考察了原料预处理、料浆浓度、晶型助长剂和pH对硫酸钙晶须产率和形貌的影响。用扫描电镜（SEM）、图像颗粒分析显微镜和X射线衍射（XRD）对产品进行观察和检测。结果表明, 通过原料的预处理,可得到最佳反应条件：料浆质量分数为2%、采用硫酸镁为晶型助长剂、pH为3。在此条件下,晶须产率可达36.4%,平均长径比可达60,产品为半水硫酸钙晶须。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.