基于近红外高光谱成像技术的长枣含水量无损检测

利用近红外(NIR)高光谱(900~1 700nm)成像技术对灵武长枣含水量的无损检测进行了研究。通过900~1 700nm高光谱成像系统采集了128个长枣图像,对原始光谱与Savitzky-Golay平滑处理后的光谱反射率R曲线、吸收率A曲线和Kubelka-Munk函数(KM)等曲线的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型进行对比分析;采用PLSR的加权β系数分别提取不同光谱参数下的特征波长,建立RPLSR、A-PLSR和KM-PLSR的长枣含水量预测模型。结果表明,采用原始光谱建立的PLSR模型优于Savitzky-Golay平滑的PLSR模型;原始光谱的特征波长建立的PLSR模型优于全波段的PLSR模型,特征波长建立的KM-PLSR模型优于R-PLSR、A-PLSR模型,决定系数(R2)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.793、1.828。这表明,NIR高光谱成像技术提取特征波长进行长枣水分检测是可行的,同时也为今后长枣品质在线检测提供了理论依据。     

基于近红外高光谱成像技术的长枣含水量无损检测

利用近红外(NIR)高光谱(900～1700nm)成像技术对灵武长枣含水 量的无损检测进行了研究。通过900～1700nm 高 光谱成像系统采集了128个长枣图像,对原始光谱与Savitzky-Golay 平滑处理后的光谱反 射率R曲线、吸收率A曲线和Kubelka-Munk函数(KM )等曲线的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型进行对比分析;采 用PLSR的加权β系数分别提取不同光谱参数下的特征波长,建立R-PLSR、A-PLSR和KM-PLSR的长 枣 含水量预测模型。结果表明,采用原始光谱建立的PLSR模型优于Savitzky-Golay平滑的PLS R模 型;原始光谱的特征波长建立的PLSR模型优于全波段的PLSR模型,特征波长建立的KM-PLSR模型优于R- PLSR、A-PLSR模型,决定系数(R²)和预测均 方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.793、1.828。这表明,NIR 高光谱成像技 术提取特征波长进行长枣水分检测是可行的,同时也为今后长枣品质在线检测提供了理论依 据。     

高光谱成像技术对牛肉水分含量及分布的快速检测

利用可见/近红外高光谱成像技术对牛肉水分含量 及分布进行快速检测。采用可见/ 近红外高光谱成像系统(400000 nm)采集150个黄牛肉样本的高光谱图像,利用ENVI软件 提取样本感兴趣区域(ROI)并计算平均光谱值;对原始光谱数据进行预处理并利用连续投 影算法(SPA)、竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)和无信息变量消除算法(UVE)进行特征 波长提取,建立基于不同特征波长的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,进而优选牛肉水分含量 预测的最优模型。通过蒙特卡罗交叉验证法剔除26个异常样本值;经卷积平滑(Smoothing - SG)法预处理后的原始光谱数据所建PLSR模型效果较好,其校正集决定系数(R²c)与预测集 决定系数(R²p)分别为0.817、0.850;利用CAR S、SPA、UVE法分别优选出12、27、27个特征 波长;对比基于全波段光谱与特征波段光谱所建PLSR牛肉水分预测模型的优劣,结果显示基 于CARS-PLSR法建立的牛肉水分预测模型效果最好,其R²_c 、R²p值分别为0.814、 0.750,校 正集均方根误差(RMSEC)与预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.477、0.555;最后,利用CARS -PLSR模型计算牛肉样本每个像素点的水分含量并利用伪彩色图对牛肉样本水分分布进行可 视化分析,进而实现牛肉水分含量的快速检测及分布的可视化表达。该研究结果可为黄牛肉 水分含量的快速检测提供理论支撑。     

紫外可见光谱检测水体COD算法研究

应用紫外可见(ultraviolet/visible,UV/Vis)光谱技术对宜昌市环境监测站水体有机物指标化学含氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)进行快速检测,对采集的94份水样进行UV/Vis波段全光谱扫描,采用平滑(Savitzky-Golay smoothing,SG)、一阶导数(first-derivative,1-Der)以及二阶导数(second-derivative,2-Der)对光谱进行预处理,并结合偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)对水样建立COD回归预测模型,并利用该回归预测模型预测水样COD浓度。实验结果表明采用SG平滑预处理后结合连续投影算法(Successive Projections Algorithm,SPA)选取全波段光谱中的特征波长得到的PLS模型预测精度最高,相关系数r=0.91882,预测均方根误差RMSEP=2.8156mg/L-1。进一步研究发现,使用SG平滑预处理得到的岭回归(Ridge Regression)模型精度(r=0.92,RMSEP=2.765 mg/L-1)高于PLS模型,且模型仅仅选取了4个特征波长变量,占238个全波段光谱变量的1.38%。说明针对该水样样本,利用平滑光谱预处理后,再建立岭回归模型,能节约时间和降低算法复杂度,能够快速准确地进行水样COD浓度预测,为进一步实现水样的COD浓度快速检测奠定了基础。     

紫外可见光谱检测水体COD算法研究

应用紫外可见(ultraviolet/visible,UV/Vis)光谱技术对宜昌市环境监测站水体有机物指标化学含氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)进行快速检测,对采集的94份水样进行UV/Vis波段全光谱扫描,采用平滑(Savitzky-Golay smoothing,SG)、一阶导数(first-derivative,1-Der)以及二阶导数(second-derivative,2-Der)对光谱进行预处理,并结合偏最小二乘回归(PartialLeast Squares Regression,PLSR)对水样建立COD回归预测模型,并利用该回归预测模型预测水样COD浓度。实验结果表明采用SG平滑预处理后结合连续投影算法(Successive Projections Algorithm,SPA)选取全波段光谱中的特征波长得到的PLS模型预测精度最高,相关系数r=0.91882,预测均方根误差RMSEP=2.8156mg/L-1。进一步研究发现,使用SG平滑预处理得到的岭回归(Ridge Regression)模型精度(r=0.92,RMSEP=2.765 mg/L-1)高于PLS模型,且模型仅仅选取了4个特征波长变量,占238个全波段光谱变量的1.38%。说明利用平滑光谱预处理后,再建立岭回归模型,能节约时间和降低算法复杂度,能够快速准确地进行该水样样本COD浓度预测,为进一步实现水样的COD浓度快速检测奠定了基础。     

基于高光谱成像技术的土壤盐分含量检测

利用NIR高光谱仪(光谱范围900~1700nm)对土壤含 盐量进行了无损检测,对比分析不同含盐量土壤的水分变化情况、不同时间下土壤光谱曲线 的差异。结果表明,随着土壤中含盐量的增加,土壤中水分蒸发情况受到的影响程度不同, 从而使得不同含盐量土壤的反射率存在明显的规律;在此基础上,对比分析了不同预处理方 法,优选出原始光谱;利用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、主成分回归 (principal component regression,PCR)与偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regre ssion,PLSR)方法对900700 nm范围的特征波长建立模型,对比分析不同建模效果,优选β系数提取的特征波长的P LSR模型,特征波长为936、1016136、 1151186273395425458535642 nm,最优模型的预测相关系数为0.949,预测均方根误差为2.914 g/kg。因此,今后可采用 不同波段对土壤含盐量进行定量分析,为今后表层土壤含盐量遥感预测奠定基础。     

可见近红外高光谱快速诊断番茄叶片含水量及其分布

基于可见近红外高光谱建立番茄叶片水分含量快 速诊断模型,对不同光谱处理及建模进行优选, 对水分含量分布进行可视化研究。结合阈值法采集不同生长期192个 番茄叶片感兴趣区域光谱信息进行预 处理比较,分析β权重系数法、连续投影算法(SPA)、无信息 变量消除(UVE)、竞争自适应加权算法(CARS) 及UVE-SPA、CARS-SPA组合方法特征波长优化方法,利用提取特征波长对多元线性回归(MLR)、主成分回 归(PCR)及偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)水分含量建模方法进行有效性评价,优化出最佳组 合模型,采用特征 图像光谱反射权重系数实现叶片含水量及其分布的可视化,解析叶片含水量光谱响应特性。 最终确立 Baseline为最佳波段预处理方法,全波段建模预测集相关系数R_p 达0.97;提取特征波长后,Baseline-CARS-MLR 为叶片水分含量预测最佳模型,预测集相关系数R_p为 0. 95,预测集均方根误差RMSEP为0.042。基于高光 谱成像技术快速评估叶片水 分含量具有一定优势,为活体番茄植株生长水分亏缺状况实时评估及智能化灌 溉技术提供理论依据。     

BP神经网络结合变量选择方法在牛奶蛋白质含量检测中的应用北大核心CSCD

牛奶中的蛋白质含量会影响牛奶的品质,利用高光谱图像的光谱特征信息研究对牛奶蛋白质含量预测的可行性。本文提出一种基于竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)和连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)结合多层前馈神经网络(back propagation, BP)的预测建模方法,实验以含有不同浓度蛋白质的牛奶为对象,利用可见光/近红外高光谱成像系统共采集到5种牛奶共计250组高光谱数据,通过实验对比选择采用标准化方法对获取到的吸收光谱预处理,然后采用CARS结合SPA筛选特征波长,得到18个特征波长,建立CARS-SPA-BP模型,经过试验,CARS-SPA-BP模型的训练集决定系数和测试集决定系数R;和R;分别达到0.971和0.968,训练集均方根误差(root mean square error of calibration,RMSEC)和测试集均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)达到了0.033和0.034。研究发现,采用CARS结合SPA筛选的牛奶特征波长建立的多层前馈神经网络模型,其模型预测结果与全波长建模相比并没有明显降低,因此将CARS结合SPA用于波长筛选并且结合BP神经网络基本可以完成对牛奶蛋白质含量的预测。为验证CARS-SPA-BP模型的预测能力,在相同数据环境下,使用较为传统的偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)进行建模,实验结果表明,CARS-SPA-BP相较于PLSR,R;和RMSEP均有明显提升。研究表明,CARS-SPA-BP可充分利用牛奶光谱特征信息实现较高精度的牛奶蛋白质含量检测。     

基于可见-近红外光谱技术的制动液品牌混掺比例快速无损检测方法

研究了基于可见-近红外光谱技术的制动液品牌混掺比例快速无损检测方法.全波段建立的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型均得到了较好的预测结果.这两个模型的建模集和预测集的确定系数(r2c和r2p)均在0.98以上.采用连续投影算法(SPA)挖掘特征波长,最终选择了439 nm、443 nm、...     

BiPLS结合模拟退火算法的近红外光谱特征波长选择研究

为了简化近红外光谱模型,提高对草莓可溶性固形物含量的预测精度,将反向偏最小二乘法(BiPLS)与模拟退火算法(Simulated annealing algorithm,SAA)相结合优选特征波长,建立了多元线性回归可溶性固形物光谱模型.原始光谱经过预处理后,用反向偏最小二乘法优选出4个特征子区间(分别为第8、13、1...     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.