固载型离子液体基硅钨酸催化制备月桂酸单甘酯的工艺研究

以硅钨酸、喹啉丙基磺酸（QuPS）为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了系列硅胶（SG）固载型离子液体基硅钨酸催化剂,并通过FT-IR、XRD、TGA-DTG、电位滴定以及BET等表征技术对催化剂的结构、热稳定性及酸性进行表征,同时考察了该系列催化剂在月桂酸单甘酯（GML）制备中的催化性能。结果表明：4%[QuPSH]1H3SiW12O40/SG催化剂显示较好的催化活性和重复使用性能。催化剂强的Br?nsted酸性、适宜的比表面积及活性组分（Br?nsted）与载体（Lewis）间的酸性协同效应是其具有高催化性能的原因。以4%[QuPSH]1H3SiW12O40/SG为催化剂,在n(甘油):n(月桂酸) = 5:1,催化剂用量为月桂酸质量的6%,反应时间4 h,反应温度423 K条件下,月桂酸转化率为96.6%,GML产率为80.1%。     

酸性离子液体催化月桂酸制备生物柴油工艺的研究

以新型酸性离子液体1-丁基喹啉硫酸氢盐（[BQu]HSO4）为催化剂催化月桂酸与甲醇酯化反应制备生物柴油工艺研究,详细考察了离子液体用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间及反应温度等因素对月桂酸甲酯产率的影响。在单因素实验基础上利用响应面分析法优化月桂酸甲酯的最佳制备工艺条件为：离子液体用量为月桂酸质量的1.3%,甲醇与月桂酸摩尔比为2.8:1,反应时间3.2 h,反应温度373 K,此条件下生物柴油产率为96.3%,该结果与模型预测值基本相符。最佳条件下,制备月桂酸甲酯反应的活化能为25.25 kJ/mol,动力学方程为： 。     

月桂酸衍生物的合成与抑菌性的比较研究

本文进行了月桂酸衍生物(月桂酸单甘酯GML、月桂酸双甘酯和三甘酯GDL+GTL、聚甘油月桂酸单甘酯PGML)合成的研究,并比较了其抑菌活性和皮肤致敏性,以获得应用性能更佳的月桂酸产品。采用固体酸性盐催化的酯化反应合成月桂酸衍生物,优化的反应条件为:催化剂NaHSO4用量为月桂酸重的0.3%,底物摩尔比为1:2,温度200℃、真空条件下反应5h;反应产物采用分子蒸馏提纯,得到的月桂酸单甘酯和聚甘油月桂酸单甘酯纯度较高。采用平板菌落计数法测定月桂酸衍生物的最低抑菌浓度,结果表明:月桂酸、GML和PGML对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌均有较好的抑菌活性,但在相同条件下月桂酸和GML的抑菌效果要优于PGML,GDL+GTL则无抑菌活性。通过皮肤致敏性测试,证实月桂酸衍生物均不会导致人体皮肤过敏。     

硅藻土固载硅钨酸盐催化油酸甲酯化研究

采用一锅法制备了硅藻土固载铁掺杂的硅钨酸(FeSiW/硅藻土)固体酸催化剂,使用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂的结构及形貌进行了分析,结果发现铁掺杂的硅钨酸较好的分散在硅藻土的表面。将其应用于油酸与甲醇为反应物的生物柴油制备体系,催化活性研究发现在催化剂用量3%(以油酸质量为基准)、油酸与甲醇摩尔比为1∶8、反应温度70℃、反应时间4 h的条件下,酯化反应转化率为72.5%,且催化剂重复使用6次后,转化率仍高于70%。此外,FeSiW/硅藻土催化剂还适用于催化各种长链羧酸的酯化反应。     

SDS催化合成植物甾醇月桂酸酯的研究

研究使用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为催化剂,通过羧酸直接酯化,合成植物甾醇月桂酸酯的工艺,利用单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺条件.在酸醇摩尔比1.4:1,反应温度120℃,SDS用量1.5%(植物甾醇摩尔数)反应时间4 h的最优条件下植物甾醇酯化率可达到87.9%;反应所得的植物甾醇酯粗产品经3步提纯后纯度可达93.1%;对提纯过的产品进行红外光谱分析确定反应产物为植物甾醇酯.SDS是催化合成植物甾醇月桂酸酯的高效催化荆.     

硅钨酸催化液化甘蔗渣的研究

通过乙醚萃取法制备硅钨酸,然后作为液化反应的催化剂,探讨不同液化条件对残渣率的影响规律及杂多酸对植物纤维原料三大组分的降解作用。通过红外光谱和热重分析对所合成的产物分别进行表征,结果表明产物为硅钨酸,其纯度为96.12%。这种硅钨酸在300℃时仍然具有较好的热稳定性。用残渣率对液化产物的液化效果进行评价。实验结果表明,液化反应条件对液化反应行为有影响,当液化温度为160℃,液化时间为2h,催化剂用量为4%时,液化反应的残渣率为2.5%。硅钨酸对纤维素结晶区的降解作用比对木素、半纤维素和纤维素的非结晶区的降解作用弱。     

钨酸在氧化淀粉制备中的催化作用研究

采用钨酸作催化剂、双氧水作氧化剂制备氧化淀粉,通过与不加催化剂双氧水氧化淀粉比较.发现羧基含量增加、黏度下降明显,证明钨酸对双氧水氧化淀粉有催化作用,并与硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁等成熟的氧化淀粉催化剂进行比较,发现钨酸对氧化淀粉的制备有催化作用,并且具有催化作用比较温和、氧化深度比较均匀、色泽较好等特点.分析了pH值、反应温度、催化剂钨酸加入量对钨酸催化制备氧化淀粉的氧化深度的影响,确定了钨酸催化制备氧化淀粉的较优工艺.     

微波协同强酸性大孔树脂催化合成肉桂酸异戊酯的研究

研究了在微波辐射强酸性大孔树脂催化合成肉桂酸异戊酯的新工艺,通过优化得到最佳工艺条件:肉桂酸0.01 mol,酸醇摩尔比1∶3.5,催化剂为CAT600树脂,催化剂用量为反应物质量的35%,微波功率700W,反应时间10m in,在此条件下产率达91.4%。在最佳工艺条件下催化剂再生循环使用,催化性能稳定。     

月桂酸玉米淀粉酯的合成工艺研究

以玉米淀粉与月桂酸为原料,脂肪酶为催化剂,干法制备了低取代度的月桂酸玉米淀粉酯。以取代度和特性粘度为评价标准,对影响月桂酸玉米淀粉酯合成的因素：反应时间、反应温度、水分添加量、脂肪酶添加量和月桂酸添加量进行研究。在此基础上,通过正交实验得出了合成月桂酸玉米淀粉酯的最佳工艺条件：以20g淀粉干基计,月桂酸添加量5%,酶添加量2.5%,水分添加量25%,反应时间3h,温度60℃。     

蒙脱土负载KF和SrO催化制备生物柴油的研究

以蒙脱土(MMT)、KF和Sr O为原料,采用浸渍法制备了负载型固体碱催化剂(KSr/MMT),并研究了KSr/MMT催化大豆油和甲醇反应制备生物柴油的性能。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)对催化剂进行了结构表征,探讨了催化剂结构与性能之间的关系,考察了催化剂制备因素和反应条件对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明:在催化剂KSr/MMT中,Sr F2为主要的活性组分;在常压下,醇油摩尔比9∶1、KF负载量为25%的KSr/MMT用量3%、反应温度65℃和反应时间1 h催化大豆油和甲醇酯交换反应的产率高达99%。同时对KSr/MMT催化酯交换反应的动力学进行研究。     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。