孔组位置度测量中测量基准的误差传播及优化

许多精密仪器仪表零件上分布有相互位置关系的一组孔,如图1所示。手表主夹板就是集中孔组、位置精度要求高的典型零件,其上孔组的位置度测量是生产中的重要环节。目前,国内各表厂均用直角坐标系统的坐标显微镜或工具显微镜来测量其坐标位置误差,然后换算成位置度误差。测量时,通常选取两个孔作为定位基准孔,即定心孔和定向孔,这样就在测量系统中形成测量基准坐标系,使被测夹板定位。由于在实际加工中,夹板孔组中各孔包括定位孔本身的位置,不可避免地产生坐标误差,而作为定位孔的误差就会传播到各被测     

基于遗传算法和自适应的平面线轮廓度误差评定方法

 为了解决在测量平面线轮廓度中由于存在被测轮廓与其测量基准间存在位置误差而影响评定精度的问题，提出了一种基于遗传算法和自适应的计算平面线轮廓度误差的新方法。该方法满足最小条件原理，它利用样条插值函数拟合理论轮廓，并在评定过程中能自动地实现被测轮廓与理论轮廓之间的适应性调整，从而能够分离并消除被测轮廓与其测量基准之间的位置误差对轮廓误差评定结果的影响，在遗传优化中获得全局最优解。实例计算验证了这一结果。这种算法简单明确，具有精度高、收敛速度快、易于计算机程序实现、易于推广应用等特点。     

孔类零件同轴度误差的测量

同轴度误差是指被测轴线对于基准轴线的最大位置变动量．在柴油机、拖拉机的箱体零件制造、修理中，常常碰到箱体零件两孔同轴度误差的测量问题，在没有专用量具时，测量可在乎台上用普通量具进行，其方法如下。     

基于不同基准圆周均布孔组位置度的三坐标测量法

零件上被测要素的位置误差在不同基准条件下,其测量与评定方法有很大区别.本文以零件上圆周均布孔组位置误差测量为例,介绍测量方法的选择,分析在单一基准与多基准条件下,零件上圆周均布孔组位置误差测量与评定方法的异同.     

轮毂槽对称度误差的测量

一、概述对称度是用以控制被测要素与基准要素之间中心平面（或中心线、轴线）的共面（或线）性要求。对称度误差是由于被测中心要素（中心平面、轴线）相对于基准中心要素（中心平面、轴线）发生平移或倾斜（或兼而有之）造成的。对称度误差值是以与基准中心平面共面的理...     

可变向基准平面的分析与确定

一、问题的提出在评定位置误差时,基准是衡量被测要素位置准确度的根据,它对于被测要素的理想位置具有定向和定位的作用。因此,对于某一基准,其位置应具有唯一性。然而,在非连续测量中,当用“分析法”确定基准平面(对基准实际平面进行测量后,根据测得数据按最小条件确定基准位置)时,基准平面的方向可能会在     

长度计量基础知识讲座（四十四）

第四十四讲圆度、圆柱度测量仪 圆度、圆柱度是机械制造和长度测量中形状误差的重要参数。圆度测量仪是以精密回转中心为回转测量基准,通过传感器测量被测件在不同转角位置上的实际轮廓至回转中心半径的变化量,从而评定被测件在某一横截面圆度的测量仪器。     

长度计量基础知识讲座(四十四) 第四十四讲 圆度、圆柱度测量仪

第四十四讲圆度、圆柱度测量仪 圆度、圆柱度是机械制造和长度测量中形状误差的重要参数。圆度测量仪是以精密回转中心为回转测量基准,通过传感器测量被测件在不同转角位置上的实际轮廓至回转中心半径的变化量,从而评定被测件在某一横截面圆度的测量仪器。     

位置往昔误差测量技术

位置误差分为定向误差、定位误差和跳动误差。根据定义，位置误差是指被测实际要素对一具有确定方向和位置的理想要素的变动量。理想要素的方向和位置由基准和理论正确尺寸确定。根据国家标准规定．由基准实际要素建立基准时，基准为该基准实际要素的理想要素，而理想要素的位置应符合最小条件原则。     

双锥零件特性尺寸的测量--一个由基准引发的测量问题

本文以双锥零件端面理论正确位置为测量基准,替代以端面的实际位置为测量基准,从而使双锥零件的测量基准为理论正确位置,基准误差为零。有效地解决了双锥零件特性尺寸的测量问题。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.