发芽糙米工艺研究现状与展望

概述了研究发芽糙米工艺的目的和意义,发芽糙米实质以及发芽糙米中主要功能性成分和主要功能;对传统浸泡发芽工艺研究现状进行详细阐述,并综述了发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸的富集研究现状;总结发芽糙米工艺发展中存在的问题及解决措施;对发芽糙米工艺未来发展方向作了介绍。     

糙米发芽前后营养成分的变化及功能特性

本文简述了糙米发芽前后一些营养成分的变化,以及发芽糙米中的功能性成分和作用。     

一种新型功能性食品-发芽糙米

对新近兴起的一种功能性食品-发芽糙米的制备、发芽过程中糙米品质的变化情况以及发芽糙米中含有的主要功能性成分进行了较详细的介绍,同时指出了发芽糙米制备过程中需注意的主要问题,并对发芽糙米的前景进行了展望。     

发芽糙米——21世纪主食

本文对发芽糙米的营养价值进行了较为详细地阐述,介绍了糙米发芽时各种营养成分的变化情况以及发芽糙米的开发应用。     

发芽糙米及其在糖尿病功能性食品中的应用进展

发芽糙米富含γ-氨基丁酸、谷维素、膳食纤维等活性成分,具有降低Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血糖含量、减轻肥胖症状、预防高血脂等功效。近年来其作为一种糖尿病功能性食品得到了广泛关注。发芽过程可以改善糙米质地,在增加糙米活性成分的同时更易被市场消费者所接受。本文重点介绍发芽糙米的制作工艺、发芽糙米的基本营养物质、发芽糙米的降血糖活性成分以及变化趋势、发芽糙米在糖尿病临床实验中的应用四个方面,为研究发芽糙米在糖尿病功能性食品中的应用提供理论支持。     

发芽糙米研发进展

介绍发芽糙米中的主要功能性成分及其生理功能,综述发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸的富集研究现状和我国发芽糙米的研究情况,以及发芽糙米产品的开发现状,同时指出开发发芽糙米需要解决的问题,并展望其发展前景.     

发芽糙米营养成分及淀粉糊化特性研究

以3个粳稻和2个糯稻为原料,制备发芽糙米,分析了糙米发芽前后游离氨基酸、蛋白质、水溶性糖类、脂肪酸值以及Mixolab淀粉糊化特性的变化。结果表明,与糙米相比,发芽糙米游离氨基酸总量、水溶性总糖、还原糖及果胶酸含量显著增加。Mixolab混合仪测定的发芽糙米米粉团蛋白质结构严重弱化,淀粉糊化能力显著降低。油酸含量和脂肪酸值均增加。发芽糯糙米水溶性总糖、还原糖及果胶酸含量显著高于发芽粳糙米,破损淀粉含量显著低于发芽粳糙米。     

发芽对糙米营养价值及食用品质影响的研究进展

发芽会改变糙米的营养成分,提高糙米的营养价值,改善糙米的食用品质,综述发芽对糙米中主要蛋白质及氨基酸、淀粉理化特性、脂肪、γ-氨基丁酸等营养物质的影响,对内源酶活性、抗氧化性能以及食用品质的变化,为发芽糙米的深入研究提供了理论依据,也为发芽糙米主食化和深加工奠定一定的基础。     

发芽糙米生物活性物质及生理功能研究进展

发芽糙米是一种极具应用前景的功能性食品原料,糙米发芽后不仅改善了其食用品质,而且能够富集生物活性成分,从而赋予发芽糙米众多生理功能。本文介绍了发芽糙米中的γ-氨基丁酸、γ-谷维素、维生素E、高级脂肪醇及膳食纤维等主要生物活性物质在发芽过程中含量的变化,以及发芽条件对这些主要生物活性物质含量变化的影响,进而综述了这些生物活性物质赋予发芽糙米的抗氧化、降血脂、降血压、预防和治疗癌症、预防糖尿病及并发症等生理功能的研究进展,最后对发芽糙米今后的研究方向及其应用进行了总结。     

内源酶对发芽糙米和糙米粉酶解作用的比较薯类粉条粉丝加工中明矾替代物的研究进展

在相同的反应温度和反应时间的条件下,以水溶性物质含量为指标,探讨了糙米在发芽及糙米粉状态下内源酶的酶解反应对食用品质的影响。试验结果表明,发芽糙米和糙米酶解粉的水溶性物质总量、水溶性粗蛋白质含量均比糙米原粉高;发芽糙米和糙米酶解粉的米粉糊液稳定性增强,而糙米酶解粉的增加效果明显高于发芽糙米,显示着内源酶酶解效果在糙米粉状态下优于整粒的发芽糙米。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.