燃料全生命周期影响评价指标的优化方法研究

生命周期影响评价是生命周期评价的重要环节。生命周期影响评价根据清单分析所提供的物质、能源消耗数据及各种排放数据，对系统或产品的环境影响进行评价。提出能量的使用、不可再生资源消耗、人体毒性、气溶胶、酸化和全球变暖6个重要的燃料影响评价指标。建立评价指标的优化模型，以木薯乙醇混合燃料的全球变暖潜力（GV4P）指标为例，进行优化案例分析。生命周期影响评价指标和优化方法可用于各种燃料的影响评价和优化，具有重要的应用价值。     

纺织服装产品生命周期评价方法初探(续)

（接上期P73）3．影响评价影响评价是指运用产品生命周期清单分析结果评价其对环境潜在影响的大小及严重程度，是对清单分析中所辨识出的环境负荷作定性和定量的描述和评价的过程。ISO倾向于把影响评价定为一个“三步走”的模型，这三步是分类、特征化和量化。分类是将清单分析的结果数据归纳到不同的环境影响类型，影响类型可分为资源耗竭、生态健康和人类健康三类，每一类下又有许多亚类，如生态健康下有全球变暖、臭氧层破坏、酸雨、光化学烟雾和水体富营养化等亚类；人类健康下有中枢神经系统效应、生殖系统效应、呼吸系统效应和致癌…     

基于LCA方法对毛皮加工过程的环境影响评价

根据生命周期评价(LCA)的原理及理论框架,采用eBalance软件,以一次能源消耗(PED)、酸化潜值(AP)、富营养化潜值(EP)、全球变暖潜值(GWP)作为环境影响评价指标,对传统毛皮加工过程中浸水、脱脂、浸酸、鞣制、复鞣、加脂6个主要工序进行了生命周期评价。通过对上述环境影响指标进行特征化、归一化计算以及清单数据敏感度分析发现,鞣制和复鞣工序对环境影响的贡献最大,这两个生产工序对环境影响累计在65.29%～71.34%,该结果为毛皮加工过程清洁化生产提供了参考依据。     

造纸污泥干燥焚烧的生命周期评价

以造纸污泥为研究对象,应用生命周期评价方法对造纸污泥干燥焚烧的生命周期进行清单分析,以获得造纸污泥干燥焚烧处理方式的能耗及其对环境的影响,实现对全球变暖(GW)、大气酸化(AC)、水体富营养化(NE)以及烟尘和灰尘(SA)等环境影响的定量化,以获得污泥处理对环境影响的程度和趋势。     

以“生命周期评价法”科学选择瓦楞纸箱印制工艺

生命周期评价是对产品或服务系统在整个生命周期中与其直接相关的环境影响、物质和能源的投入、产出进行汇集和测定的一套系统方法。用生命周期评价方法对瓦楞纸箱制作过程进行分析评价有利于企业选择环境友好型的印刷材料、印刷产品和生产工艺。     

以“大象椅”为例的废弃家具材料再制造环境影响评价

通过实地调研儿童家具"大象椅"的生产制作过程并追溯原废弃家具生产过程和拆解过程,获取生产相关清单数据,利用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对废料回收再制造大象椅家具中从上游原废弃家具生产加工、组装拆解直至大象椅生产加工的全过程进行定量评价分析,包括资源能源的消耗量和对环境影响的排放量。使用eFootprint软件构建了大象椅的生命周期评价模型,通过软件数据分析,得到了环境影响的主要因素以及环境负荷数据,并且在其基础上进行了特征化,从而提出对策建议以减小环境影响。     

产品生命周期评价体系研究

为更好地用量化的数据来判断产品的绿色程度，以利于产品生命周期评价，建立了由产品层次维、生命周期维、指标维构成的生命周期评价的三维集成体系结构以及由环境属性指标、资源属性指标、能源属性指标和经济性指标构成的生命周期评价指标体系，并针对评价过程中生命周期权重的确定，产品环境属性数据库的建立以及环境影响因子的确定，给出了有效的解决方法。     

啤酒酿造阶段生命周期清单分析

生命周期评价（LCA）可对产品生命周期各个阶段能量和物质利用以及废物排放进行分析，啤酒生命周期一般包括啤酒酿造、副产品处理、运输销售、回收处理等单元。清单分析包括原材料消耗、能源消耗和环境排放结果分析，环境排放又包括废水排放和废弃物排放。（孙悟）     

源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的4类绿色环保餐具评价

为了比较源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的环境绩效,以餐饮外卖领域推广使用的生物基餐具(复合淀粉基材料、覆膜纤维基材料)与可降解塑料餐具(全淀粉材料、全纤维材料)为研究对象,分析产品生命周期中的各种资源、能源消耗和环境排放并评价其环境影响。以1000个外卖食品餐盒为基准流,利用环境评估软件建立绿色环保餐具的生命周期评价LCA模型。结果表明,源于淀粉的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗主要集中于原料获取和废弃物处理两个阶段,源于纤维的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗则主要集中在制品生产阶段。全淀粉可降解餐具的各项环境影响指标最低,其中累计释放CO239.91kg,消耗电能332.04 MJ,较全纤维可降解餐盒碳排放降低69.5%,节约电能416.23 MJ。     

制浆造纸行业温室气体排放核算标准与方法浅析

本文首先分析了国际上关于温室气体排放核算的相关标准,提出目前适用于制浆造纸行业的碳排放核算方法,主要包括排放因子法与生命周期评价法。排放因子法主要是从组织层面对制浆造纸过程中的碳排放进行量化,其计算核心是活动水平×排放因子;而生命周期评价法是从产品层面研究纸产品从“摇篮到大门”或“从摇篮到坟墓”的生命周期分析方法,主要包括目标与范围定义、生命周期清单分析、生命周期影响评价、结果阐释等。     

Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles

This study presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) of three batteries for plug-in hybrid and full performance battery electric vehicles. A transparent life cycle inventory (LCI) was compiled in a component-wise manner for nickel metal hydride (NiMH), nickel cobalt manganese lithium-ion (NCM), and iron phosphate lithium-ion (LFP) batteries. The battery systems were investigated with a functional unit based on energy storage, and environmental impacts were analyzed using midpoint indicators. On a per-storage basis, the NiMH technology was found to have the highest environmental impact, followed by NCM and then LFP, for all categories considered except ozone depletion potential. We found higher life cycle global warming emissions than have been previously reported. Detailed contribution and structural path analyses allowed for the identification of the different processes and value-chains most directly responsible for these emissions. This article contributes a public and detailed inventory, which can be easily be adapted to any powertrain, along with readily usable environmental performance assessments.     

Development of the method and U.S. normalization database for Life Cycle Impact Assessment and sustainability metrics

Normalization is an optional step within Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) that may be used to assist in the interpretation of life cycle inventory data as well as life cycle impact assessment results. Normalization transforms the magnitude of LCI and LCIA results into relative contribution by substance and life cycle impact category. Normalization thus can significantly influence LCA-based decisions when tradeoffs exist. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a normalization database based on the spatial scale of the 48 continental U.S. states, Hawaii, Alaska, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico with a one-year reference time frame. Data within the normalization database were compiled based on the impact methodologies and lists of stressors used in TRACI-the EPA's Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts. The new normalization database published within this article may be used for LCIA case studies within the United States, and can be used to assist in the further development of a global normalization database. The underlying data analyzed for the development of this database are included to allow the development of normalization data consistent with other impact assessment methodologies as well.     

废旧衣物回收资源化利用典型模式及其环境绩效分析

为推动国内废旧衣物回收资源化利用,量化其环境绩效,在介绍分析一种由品牌企业牵头引导的废旧衣物回收资源化利用典型模式基础上,以全生命周期评价方法为基础,通过划定系统边界构建出其环境绩效的计算方法,并且通过数据采集和量化分析,计算出了该典型模式的环境绩效.研究表明,废旧衣物回收资源化具有明显的环境绩效,品牌企业对废旧衣物回...     

GIS-based regionalized life cycle assessment: how big is small enough? Methodology and case study of electricity generation

We describe a new methodology for performing regionalized life cycle assessment and systematically choosing the spatial scale of regionalized impact assessment methods. We extend standard matrix-based calculations to include matrices that describe the mapping from inventory to impact assessment spatial supports. Uncertainty in inventory spatial data is modeled using a discrete spatial distribution function, which in a case study is derived from empirical data. The minimization of global spatial autocorrelation is used to choose the optimal spatial scale of impact assessment methods. We demonstrate these techniques on electricity production in the United States, using regionalized impact assessment methods for air emissions and freshwater consumption. Case study results show important differences between site-generic and regionalized calculations, and provide specific guidance for future improvements of inventory data sets and impact assessment methods.     

Inventory development and input-output model of U.S. land use: relating land in production to consumption

As populations and demands for land-intensive products, e.g., cattle and biofuels, increase the need to understand the relationship between land use and consumption grows. This paper develops a production-based inventory of land use (i.e., the land used to produce goods) in the U.S. With this inventory an input-output analysis is used to create a consumption-based inventory of land use. This allows for exploration of links between land used in production to the consumption of particular goods. For example, it is possible to estimate the amount of cropland embodied in processed foods or healthcare services. As would be expected, agricultural and forestry industries are the largest users of land in the production-based inventory. Similarly, we find that processed foods and forest products are the largest users of land in the consumption-based inventory. Somewhat less expectedly this work finds that the majority of manufacturing and service industries, not typically associated with land use, require substantial amounts of land to produce output due to the purchase of food and other agricultural and wood-based products in the supply chain. The quantitative land use results of this analysis could be integrated with qualitative metrics such as weighting schemes designed to reflect environmental impact or life cycle impact assessment methods.     

Life cycle assessment of an ionic liquid versus molecular solvents and their applications

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been claimed as "greener" replacements to molecular solvents. However, the environmental impacts of the life cycle phases and comparison with alternative methods have not been studied. Such a life cycle assessment (LCA) is essential before any legitimate claims of "greenness" can be made and is the subject of this paper. The model IL selected is 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) and its use as a solvent for the manufacture of cyclohexane and in a Diels-Alder reaction was assessed. These uses are compared with more conventional synthesis methods. The results indicate that processes that use IL are highly likely to have a larger life cycle environmental impact than more conventional methods. Sensitivity analysis shows that the result is robust to errors and variation in the data. For cyclohexane synthesis, the industrial gas phase process is the greenest, but the three solvents compared for the Diels-Alder reaction showed comparable life cycle impact. Although ILs are not the most attractive alternatives, the result may change if their separation efficiency, stability and recyclability are improved. Because there are many kinds of ILs, with many applications, two examples are not enough to reach any general conclusions about the greenness of all ILs. However, the life cycle data and approach of this study can be used for evaluating the greenness of more kinds of solvents, processes, and emerging technologies.     

Estimates of embodied global energy and air-emission intensities of Japanese products for building a Japanese input-output life cycle assessment database with a global system boundary

To build a life cycle assessment (LCA) database of Japanese products embracing their global supply chains in a manner requiring lower time and labor burdens, this study estimates the intensity of embodied global environmental burden for commodities produced in Japan. The intensity of embodied global environmental burden is a measure of the environmental burden generated globally by unit production of the commodity and can be used as life cycle inventory data in LCA. The calculation employs an input-output LCA method with a global link input-output model that defines a global system boundary grounded in a simplified multiregional input-output framework. As results, the intensities of embodied global environmental burden for 406 Japanese commodities are determined in terms of energy consumption, greenhouse-gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and their summation), and air-pollutant emissions (nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide). The uncertainties in the intensities of embodied global environmental burden attributable to the simplified structure of the global link input-output model are quantified using Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, by analyzing the structure of the embodied global greenhouse-gas intensities we characterize Japanese commodities in the context of LCA embracing global supply chains.