不锈钢低压真空渗氮组织与性能研究

本文以304奥氏体不锈钢样件为试验研究对象,在8h、400℃、不同气压条件下对样件进行了低压真空离子渗氮试验,研究分析了不同气压下低压真空离子渗氮组织与其性能(离子渗氮后的组织、渗氮层厚度、硬度、耐磨性)的变化,并得出了相应的结论。     

奥氏体不锈钢渗氮&物理气相沉积复合改性层的组织及性能

通过辉光离子渗扩技术对316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了不同温度下的离子渗氮处理,之后采用物理气相沉积技术在渗氮层外表面制备一层CrN涂层,检测不同温度下离子渗氮+物理气相沉积复合涂层的结合力、硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性,并对其显微组织和物相进行了观测与分析.结果表明:奥氏体不锈钢不同温度渗氮+物理气相沉积复合改性层的组织随渗氮温度的升高从S相(内层)+CrN涂层(外层)转变为不同程度硬质相析出层(内层)+CrN涂层(外层),不同类型的渗氮层与CrN涂层均有良好的结合力;不论是S相层还是硬质相析出层,经过PVD处理后均能在一定程度上提高渗层的表面硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性,其中耐蚀性随着渗氮温度的升高逐渐变差,硬度和耐磨性随渗氮温度的升高而逐渐提升.     

热处理工艺参数对13Cr11Ni2W2MoV渗氮组织及性能的影响

该文对13Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢材料进行气体渗氮,用金相显微镜观察渗层氮化物组织形态,用显微硬度计检测渗层表面硬度,研究渗氮温度、渗氮时间、Kn值对渗层组织形态和表面硬度的影响。结果表明,渗氮工艺参数中,Kn值对渗层组织形态和表面硬度影响较大,当渗氮温度为600℃,Kn值降低到0.18,渗氮时间为8 h时,可获得完整、致密的渗层氮化物组织和890 HV的表面硬度,并且随着渗氮时间的延长,渗氮层厚度逐渐增加。     

表面纳米化预处理对316L不锈钢渗氮层摩擦学性能的影响

为改善奥氏体不锈钢的表面硬度和耐磨性,采用超声滚压与离子渗氮复合工艺对316L不锈钢表面进行了表面强化处理。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、硬度计、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪以及摩擦磨损试验机等测定了渗氮层的硬度、深度、含氮量和物相组成,研究了表面晶层组织结构对离子渗氮行为和渗氮层在润滑油条件下摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:直接渗氮和超声滚压/渗氮试样表层组织均由S、γ'、ε和Cr N相组成,渗氮层厚度均为20μm,直接渗氮层以S相为主,超声滚压后渗氮层以ε和γ'相为主,组织结构较为致密;超声滚压/渗氮层的平均渗氮含量是直接渗氮层的2.88倍,摩擦系数降低了0.04,显微硬度和耐磨性是直接渗氮层的1.15倍和2.76倍;超声滚压处理诱使316L不锈钢表面形成的纳米晶层组织结构增强了渗氮试样表面的催渗效能和对渗氮层的支撑强度,超声滚压后渗氮试样的表面耐磨性能最好。     

氮化温度对24Cr2Ni4MoV钢离子氮化显微组织的影响

为了提高24Cr2Ni4MoV钢零件的表面硬度和耐磨性,对24Cr2Ni4MoV钢进行了离子氮化工艺试验研究,应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等仪器对520,550,570℃共3个温度离子氮化试样的显微组织、氮化层深度、表面硬度、表面渗氮层脆性、脉状组织等进行了检测分析,并应用能谱仪对渗氮层中氮化物成分进行了分析。结果表明:24Cr2Ni4MoV钢具有良好的氮化效果,其最佳离子氮化温度为550℃;试样在550℃氮化后,不仅氮化层的各项性能均满足标准技术要求,而且提高了渗氮速率,缩短了渗氮时间。     

不同温度下等离子渗氮后TC4钛合金的摩擦磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用等离子渗氮技术提升TC4钛合金的耐磨性并探究最优渗氮温度。利用LDM 1-100型等离子渗氮设备,在650,700,750,800,850℃和900℃温度下对TC4钛合金进行渗氮处理,保温时间均为10 h。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、白光三维形貌仪、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计分别对不同温度渗氮试样的微观组织结构、表面形貌、表面粗糙度、相结构和硬度进行表征。利用CETR UMT-3型多功能摩擦磨损试验机测试等离子渗氮后TC4钛合金的摩擦学性能。结果表明:TC4钛合金表面显微硬度和粗糙度随温度升高而增大,在900℃渗氮后TC4钛合金表面显微硬度达到了1318HV 0.05,约为基体(360HV 0.05)的4倍。硬度的升高是由于渗氮后试样表面形成了硬质氮化物相(TiN和Ti2N相),且随着渗氮温度升高氮化物的含量增加。相较于低温渗氮(低于750℃)的试样,850℃和900℃渗氮试样的承载能力显著提升。与原始TC4试样相比,渗氮处理后试样的磨损体积显著降低。当渗氮温度为850℃时,试样磨损体积为未处理试样磨损体积的1.2%(1 N),3.0%(3 N)和62.2%(5 N),试样的耐磨性提升更为显著。     

304不锈钢表面纳米化层的组织和性能

采用表面机械研磨技术(SMAT)对304不锈钢进行表面纳米化处理,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜和显微硬度仪对处理后的不锈钢表面层组织进行表征,并在不同温度下对表面纳米组织的热稳定性进行研究。结果显示,经过SMAT后,表面获得了约436μm厚度的变形层,表面晶粒尺寸约为80nm;在SMAT处理过程中发生了应变诱发马氏体相变;表层晶粒的细化能显著提高组织的显微硬度;当保温温度在550℃以下时,表层纳米组织具有良好的稳定性,当温度超过600℃时晶粒显著长大。     

低/高温对暖通用SUS301L不锈钢离子渗氮层结构与耐磨性能的影响

为了提高暖通用SUS301L不锈钢表面的综合性能,在低温(500℃)和高温(900℃)2种温度下对其表面实施渗氮形成离子渗氮层,通过试验测试的方式分析了离子渗氮层的微观组织与耐磨特性.结果 表明:500℃渗氮处理后基体表面形成了约7 μm的离子渗氮层和平直分布的白亮组织,组织中只溶入了很低比例的氮;900℃进行渗氮处理后基体表面形成了23μm厚的离子渗氮层,该离子渗氮层的XRD谱中形成了CrN与N的衍射峰.经过500℃与900℃渗氮后试样都发生了硬度的大幅提升,硬度最大的是900℃下制得的离子渗氮层.500℃下制得的离子渗氮层的硬度随着载荷的提高而不断减小.相对于SUS301L不锈钢基体,离子渗氮层的摩擦系数更加稳定,表明离子渗氮层具有更优的摩擦磨损特性.离子渗氮层的磨痕深度与宽度相比基体均明显降低,900℃渗氮后的试样获得了比500℃渗氮后的试样更高的磨损量.     

加辅助阴极钛板的离子渗氮工艺参数对TC4合金渗层厚度的影响

在辉光离子气体技术的基础上加上辅助阴极钛板,对TC4合金基材进行渗氮处理。通过选择典型的基体温度、保温时间和气体介质,设计了一组正交试验,并以渗层厚度为依据分析了渗氮工艺中基体温度、保温时间和气体介质对渗层厚度的影响。同时采用Axiovert 25CA（Zeiss）光学图像分析仪和GDA750辉光光谱分析仪观察了优化工艺条件下改性层的显微组织及元素分布。结果表明,在辉光离子渗氮工艺中基体温度对TC4合金渗层厚度影响最大,在最优工艺条件下渗氮改性层的形成能显著提高基材表面硬度。     

弹簧用51CrV4钢渗氮层微观组织与摩擦性能分析北大核心CSCD

为提高弹簧用51CrV4钢表面的耐磨性能,对其进行不同时间和温度下的渗氮处理,实验测试其微观组织,硬度以及摩擦性能。研究结果表明:渗氮层形成了未被腐蚀的明亮化合物层,扩散层由于受到浸蚀作用而转变为黑色。基底只有一种α-Fe组织。渗氮处理后形成了γ-Fe4N相、CrN相等多个物相组织。随着渗氮时间的增加和渗氮温度的增加,渗氮层厚度表现出单调增加的变化规律。渗氮后试样硬度达到950 HV以上,相对于原始试样硬度发生了明显上升。经过450℃与20 h处理后获得最小磨损率和摩擦系数,此时试样形成了较为光滑的磨痕形貌,磨损程度很小,当硬度提高后可以获得更高的耐磨能力。当温度继续上升以及时间延长后,渗氮物发生了粗化的现象,引起表面硬度减小,最终降低了耐磨性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.