基于主成分分析构建初榨橄榄油香气质量评价模型

采用热脱附—气相色谱质谱联用技术(TD-GC-MS)测定10个橄榄油样本中的挥发性物质,鉴定出22种主要风味物质,利用主成分分析法构建香气质量评价模型。结果表明:第一主成分至第六主成分的累积贡献率为96.626 1%,能够较好地反映原始数据的信息;通过主成分分析法,鉴定出初榨橄榄油的主要香气物质是:正己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、2-乙基己醇、柠檬烯、1-戊烯-3-醇、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛、正己醛、叶醇、(E)-2-戊烯-1-醇、(Z)-2-戊烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、Z-罗勒烯、乙酸己酯、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、正戊醇;同时,构建香气质量评价模型,为初榨橄榄油的香气质量评价提供了一种新方法。     

GC-MS-O结合电子鼻对橄榄油挥发性成分的分析与鉴别

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻联用探讨8种市售橄榄油挥发性风味成分及其特征,并结合电子鼻甄别不同品牌及加工工艺的橄榄油。结果表明,以DVB/CAR/PDMS为萃取头,采用萃取温度60℃、平衡时间30 min及萃取时间30 min为最佳优化条件,共检出橄榄油108种挥发性成分,主要有烃类、醛类、醇类和酯类,其占总挥发性成分的84.43%～96.65%。烃类以1-十三烯、3-乙基-1,5-辛二烯为主,醛类以正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛和壬醛为主,醇类以3-己烯-1-醇和正己醇为主,酯类以乙酸乙酯和乙酸叶醇酯为主。主要的风味贡献物质是正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、壬醛、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸乙酯、叶醇、3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇。特级初榨橄榄油主要香型是脂香型和橄榄果香型,而纯橄榄油主要香型为清香型。气相色谱-质谱-嗅闻联用和电子鼻结合主成分分析及判别因子分析可有效区分不同品牌和加工工艺的8种橄榄油并找出特征风味成分,可为橄榄油的溯源提供新方法。     

不同品种与加工工艺对初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分的影响

采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对9个单品种初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分进行分析。9个单品种初榨橄榄油共鉴定出22种挥发性风味成分,相对含量较高的有(E)-2-己烯醛、正己醛、2-己烯醛、叶醇、1-戊烯-3-酮,其中(Z)-2-庚烯醛仅在鄂植8号和阿斯品种中检出,乙酸己酯只在莱星和城固32号品种中检出,正戊醇仅在鄂植8号品种中检出,皮瓜尔和阿斯品种中未鉴定出(E)-2-己烯-1-醇和2-乙基己醇。莱星、城固32号单品种初榨橄榄油随着油橄榄成熟度的增大,(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、正己醇相对含量明显升高,而1-戊烯-3-醇相对含量显著降低。莱星单品种油橄榄加酶提取的橄榄油特有成分为(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛,鄂植8号单品种特有成分有柠檬烯、正戊醇、(Z)-2-庚烯醛、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-乙基己醇。结果说明,9个单品种初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分在相对含量和成分组成上均存在差别;同一品种不同成熟度的油橄榄获取的初榨橄榄油,香气成分不同,不同品种初榨橄榄油挥发性成分随成熟度的变化规律基本一致,加酶提取工艺较佳,可丰富初榨橄榄油香气。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析美藤果油中的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取法提取美藤果油中的挥发性成分,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其进行分析鉴定,采用峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对含量。结果表明:美藤果油中共鉴定出46种挥发性成分,占挥发性成分总量的86.73%,主要有(2E,4E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、(2E,4Z)-2,4-庚二烯醛、乙酰基环己烯、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、反式-2-戊烯、正己醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛等,以醛类、酮类和烃类化合物为主,并含有少量的醇类和呋喃类化合物。     

初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分的鉴定

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)分离鉴定了陇南市武都初榨橄榄油和西班牙特级初榨橄榄油中的挥发性风味成分。结果表明,在7个不同品种油橄榄的国产初榨橄榄油中共鉴定出86种化合物,主要是C6的醛和醇,以及它们相应的酯,还有一些烯烃和萜烯类化合物。其中(E)-2-己烯醛相对质量分数为7.14%~46.22%;在6个西班牙特级初榨橄榄油中共鉴定出101种化合物,其中(E)-2-己烯醛质量分数(1.76%~5.25%)低于国产初榨橄榄油,而(Z)-乙酸-3己烯酯(7.53%~13.76%)和(E)-2-十二碳烯(5.47%~34.75%)相对质量分数较高。试验结果还表明,初榨橄榄油挥发性风味成分很大程度上取决于油橄榄品种和产地。     

金银花露不同蒸馏段挥发性成分的测定分析

为探究金银花露不同蒸馏段挥发性成分含量及主体香气的差异,本文采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术测定了金银花露七个不同蒸馏段的挥发性成分,共鉴定出62种挥发性化合物,主要是醇、醛、萜、酮、酯类物质。半定量分析结果表明,随着蒸馏进行,蒸馏液中的挥发性成分总量由214.49 μg/g逐渐下降到12.21 μg/g,第1蒸馏段中挥发性成分总量约是其他蒸馏段的4~17倍。此外,不同蒸馏段醇、醛、萜、酮、酯类的比例也有所不同,其中醇类占比38.78%逐渐下降至25%左右,而醛类占比32.60%逐渐上升至45%左右。β-紫罗兰酮、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、香叶醇、香茅醇、芳樟醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、香叶基丙酮、正己醛、苯乙醛、正辛醇在金银花露各蒸馏段中都具有较高的气味活性值(大于10),它们对金银花露的主体香气风格有重要贡献。系统聚类分析结果表明,第1、2、3蒸馏段各自成一类,第4~7蒸馏段可归为一类。综上,金银花露不同蒸馏段挥发性成分含量及主体香气差异明显,研究结果可为金银花露蒸馏工艺改进提供一定的理论依据和参考。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS联用分析瓜蒌子挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)萃取瓜蒌子中挥发性成分,结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对瓜蒌子的挥发性成分进行分析。从瓜蒌子中共分离出79个色谱峰,鉴定出其中49种化合物,占其挥发性成分的84.18%,其中含量较高的为(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛(21.50%)、2,4壬二烯醛(10.01%)、戊酸戊酯(4.60%)、正己醇(4.28%)和正戊醇(4.02%)等。研究采用HS-SPME-GC-MS联用技术分析瓜蒌子挥发性成分,为瓜蒌子的进一步开发利用提供了科学依据。     

油菜花粉油脂贮藏过程中挥发性成分变化研究

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用技术对油菜花粉油脂在贮藏前后挥发性成分进行了分析。结果表明,新鲜油菜花粉油脂特殊风味物质的主要成分为D-柠檬烯(13.66%)、3-蒈烯(7.95%)、二甲基富烯(5.72%)、β-水芹烯(4.58%)、苯甲醛(3.15%)、氧化石竹烯(2.27%)、苯乙醇(1.16%)和β-蒎烯(1.12%)等化合物。经过常温贮藏6个月后油脂的主要挥发性成分为醛类和酯类化合物。油菜花粉油脂中的高含量亚麻酸导致其易氧化酸败。经分析鉴定出油菜花粉油脂氧化产物含有丙醛、(E)-2-戊烯醛、正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-己二烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、壬醛和(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛和2,4-庚二烯醛等。其中2,4-庚二烯醛的含量最高,可作为油菜花粉油脂产品质量优劣的指标。     

SPME-GC-MS分析不同产地干黄芪中挥发性风味成分

为了研究不同产地干黄芪的香气成分,采用固相微萃取法分别提取产自山西、内蒙古和甘肃的干黄芪香气成分,提取物经过气-质联用分析仪分析,共鉴定出117种挥发性成分,其中包括烯烃类21种、醇类15种、酸类15种、醛类14种、其他类14种、酮类14种、杂环类8种、酯类10种和酚类6种。内蒙古黄芪香气成分种类最多,为91种,总相对含量为79.49%;其次是山西黄芪,鉴定出75种香气成分,总相对含量为82.49%;香气成分种类最少是甘肃黄芪,为72种,总相对含量为89.64%。在不同产地中鉴定出43种共有成分,其中正己醛、苯甲醛、1-戊醇、3-辛烯-2-酮、丁香酚、榄香素、2-丁基呋喃、2-正戊基呋喃是干黄芪特征香气成分。不同产地的干黄芪香气成分在种类和含量上也有所不同。     

基于GC-MS结合化学计量学方法探究特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点

以探究特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点及特征挥发性物质为目的,采用固相微萃取及气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对8 种不同品种的辣椒粉进行分析。运用气相色谱-质谱法可检测到112 种不同品种辣椒粉中普遍存在的挥发性化合物,从中筛选出63 种与特征清香味相关的特定的化合物并进行偏最小二乘回归分析。结果表明：特征清香味辣椒粉主要与感官属性煮熟蔬菜味、青草味和新鲜味有关。煮熟蔬菜味与β-月桂烯、(E)-2-戊烯醇、(E)-2-己烯醛、辛醛、4-辛烯-3-酮和2-戊基呋喃呈显著正相关,与大部分挥发性化合物呈非显著正相关,与己醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛和2,3-丁二酮呈显著负相关;青草味与雪松烯、(Z)-3-己烯醇、己醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛和2-甲基丙酸呈显著正相关,与4-甲基-1-戊醇、己醇、(E)-2-辛烯醛和2-甲基丁酸己酯呈显著负相关;新鲜味与3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-甲基丙酸和2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪呈显著正相关,与己醇、壬醛和2-甲基丁酸己酯呈显著负相关。由此确定特征清香味辣椒粉的香气特点及其特征挥发成分,为清香味辣椒粉的品质控制和系列风味产品的开发提供科学依据。     

GC-O结合OAV鉴定陇南初榨橄榄油关键香气成分

选取甘肃陇南代表性品种莱星和鄂植8号初榨橄榄油及消费口碑良好的特级混合初榨橄榄油为研究对象,通过气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）检测比较3 种初榨橄榄油的挥发性物质组成,同时采用气相色谱-嗅闻（gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O）技术筛选其香气活性物质,最后结合香气活性值（odor activity value,OAV）分析各呈香组成对橄榄油香气轮廓呈现的贡献性,从而鉴定出3 种橄榄油各自的关键香气成分。结果表明：采用GC-MS在莱星、特级混合及鄂植8号初榨橄榄油中各检测出35、30 种及25 种挥发性成分,其中己醇、3-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇和(E)-2-己烯醛的含量丰富。采用GC-O在3 种初榨橄榄油中各筛选出13、15 种和12 种香气活性成分,包含具有青草特征的C6化合物、呈现油脂香气的庚醛和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛以及表现其他气味信息的香气物质。OAV分析发现3 个样品各有12、13 种及11 种关键香气成分（OAV≥1）,以1-辛烯-3-醇、芳樟醇、(E)-2-己烯醛和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛为代表的OAV较高,对初榨橄榄油呈香品质具有重要作用。本研究筛选出3 种初榨橄榄油的关键香气成分,结果可为提升初榨橄榄油风味品质提供理论基础。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析东北油豆角挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱法对东北油豆角挥发性物质进行检测分析,为优质栽培、品质育种及贮藏加工提供参考。结果表明,油豆角挥发成分包括醛、醇、酮、酸、酯、烃、呋喃及醚等类物质。未加工青荚中鉴定出48 种挥发成分,主要为2-己烯醛（相对含量为40.01%）、己醇（12.64%）、己醛（11.40%）,与3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯醛、反-2-顺-6-壬二烯醛、3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-乙基己醇、反,反-2,4-庚二烯醛、反-2-壬烯醛、β-环柠檬醛、肉豆蔻醛等物质共同作用形成青豆荚气味;可食熟荚中鉴定出26 种挥发成分,主要为1-辛烯-3-醇（48.77%）,与顺-4-庚烯醛、3-甲硫基丙醛,反-2-庚烯醛、辛醛、壬醛、香叶基丙酮等共同作用形成油豆角特异
芳香性质。     

Volatile organic compounds in the aril juices and seeds from selected five pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars

A study was conducted to investigate the distribution of volatile organic compounds in the juice and seed of the most popular five pomegranate cultivars (“Ek?i,” “Devedi?i,” “Hicaz,” “Kat?rba??,” and “Keben”) in Turkey. The volatile organic compounds were analyzed using solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A total of 60 volatile organic compounds, belonging to six chemical groups including aldehydes, alcohols, esters, terpenes, ketones, acids, and phenol were identified. There were 11 volatile organic compounds (1-hexanol, [Z]-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-octanol, α-terpineol, β-myrcene, limonene, [E]-α-bergamotene, β-caryophyllene, hexanal, [E]-2-hexenal, and guaiacol) common to all five pomegranate juices and seeds. Hexalin, phenylacetaldehyde, 3-methyl butanal, and methyl-(1-methylethenyl) benzene were found in seeds only. According to discriminant analysis based on Eigenvalues, volatile organic compounds recovered in the juices could be used to discriminate and classify the pomegranate cultivars. “Devedi?i” and “Hicaz” were the most promising cultivars with respect to the largest volatile organic compounds, high total soluble solid and deep red color.     

Analysis of volatile composition of siriguela (Spondias purpurea L.) by solid phase microextraction (SPME)

In order to investigate the volatile composition of the siriguela fruit (Spondias purpurea L.), the pulp of the fresh fruit was submitted to solid phase microextracton (SPME) using different fibers, divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), carbowax-divinylbenzene (CW/DVB), carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibers. DVB/CAR/PDMS showed to be the more efficient qualitative and semi-quantitatively fiber in trapping these compounds. It was made possible to identify ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and terpenic hydrocarbons in the headspace. The major compounds identified were hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, 3-hexen-1-ol, 2-hexen-1-ol, ethyl acetate and hexyl acetate. To have a clear picture of the retention indices of these compounds a new protocol, in which the standard hydrocarbon mixture is submitted to SPME, was developed and successfully used.     

Volatile generation in bell peppers during frozen storage and thawing using Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS)

To determine volatile formation during storage and thawing, whole, pureed, blanched, and raw green and red bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) were frozen quickly or slowly then stored at -18 °C for up to 7 mo, with and without SnCl(2) addition during thawing. Headspace analysis was performed by a Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometer (SIFT-MS). After blanching, (Z)-3-hexenal had a large significant decrease in concentration since it is a heat labile compound while most other volatiles did not change in concentration. The freezing process increased volatile levels in the puree only. Slow freeze peppers had higher levels of some LOX generated volatiles during storage than quick freeze. During frozen storage of blanched samples (E)-2-hexenal, (Z and E)-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-pentenal increased likely because of nonenzymatic autoxidation of fatty acids while other volatiles remained constant. In Raw Whole peppers, (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, and 2-pentylfuran were generated during storage likely because the LOX enzyme is still active during frozen storage. However, blanched samples had higher concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal, (Z and E)-hexen-1-ol, 1-penten-3-one, and (E)-2-heptenal because of enzymatic destruction of these volatiles in the raw samples. The levels of many of the volatiles in the raw samples, including (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z and E)-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, (E)-2-pentenal, and 2-pentylfuran, appeared to peak around 34 d after freezing. Pureed samples had significantly higher levels of volatiles than the whole samples, and volatiles peaked earlier. Green bell pepper volatile levels were always higher than red bell pepper. Significantly higher volatile formation occurred during thawing than it did during frozen storage. Practical Application: Studying and monitoring the headspace volatiles with a SIFT-MS can give information that will help manufacturers better understand how the volatiles in bell peppers change during frozen storage. This will give valuable information to processors on how to minimize volatile changes during storage of frozen peppers.     

基于OAV和AEDA对工夫红茶的PLSR分析

采用顶空蒸汽蒸馏提取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术及气相色谱-嗅闻技术,对4?种中国工夫红茶进行定性、定量分析。根据香气成分的香气活力值和芳香萃取物稀释分析分别筛选出30、36?种挥发性成分作为香气成分,结合2?种方法确定22?种香气成分为工夫红茶的香气关键成分,并将其与感官属性和红茶样品进行偏最小二乘法相关性分析。确定对工夫红茶香气起重要作用的22?种关键香气物质为：1-戊醇、叶醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、反式氧化芳樟醇、芳樟醇、顺-6-壬烯醇、香叶醇、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、橙花叔醇、戊醛、己醛、反-2-己烯醛、糠醛、（反,反）-2,4-庚二烯醛、苯乙醛、（反,反）-2,4-癸二烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、丙位-壬内酯、2,3-丁二酮、2-庚酮和香豆素。     

Volatile profile of Arbutus unedo L. fruits through ripening stage

Arbutus unedo L. is a Mediterranean shrub used in the production of jams, marmalades and beverages, as well as in traditional medicine. In this work, the effect of ripening on the volatile compounds of the fruits of A. unedo was evaluated, using headspace-solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/ion trap-mass spectrometry. Alcohols are the main component of the volatile fraction of A. unedo fruits, followed by aldehydes and esters. The main volatile compounds identified were (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal and hexyl acetate, all formed through the lipoxygenase pathway (LOX). The green odours are progressively replaced during ripening by floral and sweet sensations, due to the decrease in alcohols, aldehydes and esters, resulting in the unmasking of the aromas associated with the minor compounds (mainly monoterpenes and norisoprenoid compounds) that compose A. unedo fruits.     

Comparative study of extra virgin olive oil flavor profile of Koroneiki variety (Olea europaea var. Microcarpa alba) cultivated in Greece and Tunisia during one period of harvesting

The effects of geographical region, irrigation and ripening degree of olives on the profile of volatile compounds isolated by monovarietal virgin olive oils from Crete and Tunisia of Koroneiki variety (Olea europaea var. Microcarpa alba) using the SPME GC/MS technique were investigated. Fruits obtained from Greece (island of Crete) and Tunisia (Sfax region) were picked at three and two different growth stages respectively and then immediately processed. The most important compounds identified were esters, alcohols, carbonyl compounds and hydrocarbons. The main volatile compounds present in the oil samples were C6 derivatives, such as [E]-2-hexenal, [E]-2-hex-1-enol, [Z]-3-hexen-1-ol and 1-hexanol. In addition to C6 compounds, the aroma of the studied samples contained reasonable amounts of various classes of C5 components. The tested oil samples showed different volatile profiles. Specifically, the concentration of total esters, carbonyl, C6 and C5 compounds increased significantly with the ripening degree in Cretan, but not in Tunisian olive oils. Principal component analysis of the results indicated that primary maturity and geographical region rather than irrigation affected significantly the volatile’s profile of olive oil.     

荠菜挥发性化学成分的分析

报道了用同时蒸馏-萃取装置提取荠菜的挥发性物质,测得荠菜挥发油的含量为0.106%,用GC-MS法从荠菜挥发油中分离并确定出17种化学成分,占挥发油总量的95.02%.荠菜挥发油中含有多种活性成分如叶醇(43.12%)、乙酸叶醇酯(14.36%)、二甲三硫化物(9.77%)、乙酸异丙酯(7.08%)、1-己醇(2.57%)、十五烷(2.37%)、异丙醇(2.21%)、乙酸3-甲基庚酯(1.98%)、二甲砜(1.85%)、4,4-二甲基己醛(1.48%)、BHT(1.42%)等.     

基于ATD-GC-MS技术检测铁观音做青过程环境挥发性成分的动态变化

采用全自动热脱-气相色谱-质谱法捕集和检测铁观音做青关键工艺节点的环境挥发性成分，应用短时间序列表达挖掘器（short time-series expression miner,STEM）和偏最小二乘法判别分析（partial least squaresdiscriminantanalysis,PLS-DA）对铁观音做青过程中挥发性成分进行分析。结果显示，铁观音做青环境中共鉴定出122种挥发性成分，包括醇类、酯类、烯烃类、烷烃类、醛类、芳香烃类、酮类和其他化合物8大类，其中酯类是做青环境中的主要挥发物；STEM结果表明，检测出的挥发性成分可划分成19种变化趋势，且在2种趋势模型中有显著性富集，其中仲丁醇、乙酸乙酯、异戊醛、异戊醇、正己醇、2-庚醇、己酸甲酯、甲基庚烯酮、异丁酸辛酯等挥发性成分带有特殊香气并随着做青次数的增加而显著增加；PLS-DA结果表明，摇青和晾青两部分可有效区分开，并鉴定出7种共同特征挥发性成分（变异权重参数值>1）:(Z)-乙酸-4-己烯-1-酯、反-3-己烯基丁酯、叶醇、3-己烯醛、异戊腈、(3E)-4,8-二甲基壬-1,3,7-三烯、罗勒烯异构体混合物。...