米糠可溶性膳食纤维对降低蛋黄酱中胆固醇含量及流变特性的影响

本实验在优化普通蛋黄酱加工工艺的基础上添加米糠可溶性膳食纤维(RB-SDF),通过产品触变性分析确定RB-SDF最佳添加量,从而获得了低胆固醇含量的蛋黄酱,并讨论了RB-SDF对静态、动态流变特性的影响。结果表明普通蛋黄酱的最佳加工工艺为蛋黄量11.0%,油用量74%,搅拌时间20 min,搅拌速率为4档(14400 r/min),RB-SDF添加量为2.0%,此时产品触变性较小。所制得的蛋黄酱中游离的胆固醇含量为1.26 mg/g,低于自制普通蛋黄酱(2.21 mg/g)。与市售的3种蛋黄酱比较,低胆固醇蛋黄酱流变特性略低于丘比蛋黄酱和香甜酱,但优于丘比千岛酱。     

褐藻胶对蛋黄酱流变特性的影响

探讨了改善蛋黄酱品质的最佳褐藻胶添加量,利用流变仪研究了不同添加量的褐藻胶对蛋黄酱流变特性的影响.静态流变特性的研究表明:蛋黄酱样品呈现出触变性、假塑性,流变学方程为Herschel - Bulkley;温度对蛋黄酱样品的表观粘度的影响符合Arrhenius模型.动态流变性质的研究表明:蛋黄酱样品显示弱凝胶的特性.实验表明:添加褐藻胶的能显著提高蛋黄酱的流变学稳定性,其中褐藻胶添加质量分数为2.0％的蛋黄酱样品比添加量为2.5％的蛋黄酱样品在流变学特性、感官特性上更接近全脂类蛋黄酱.     

不同硬度奶酪的质构及流变特性比较

针对3 种不同奶酪样品(硬质、半硬质、软质)对其进行成分分析、质构特征参数(应力松弛、破断)测定、质地剖面分析(TPA)、感官评定及动态流变特性实验。结果表明：奶酪样品硬度的不同对其质构特征和动态流变参数有明显影响;硬质奶酪具有弹力大的特点;黏聚性小、破断强度大,软质奶酪具有弹力小、黏聚性大、破断强度小的特点;在整个频率扫描范围内,随着硬度的下降,样品的贮藏模量(G′)、损失模量(G″)、动力学黏度( η′)都呈下降趋势。     

挤压温度对高水分植物蛋白肉流变学和结构特性的影响

研究了不同挤压温度对植物性肉制品流变性能和结构变化的影响,并测定了流变性能、扫描电镜、粒度和二级结构的变化.结果 表明:植物蛋白肉流变学特性受挤压温度的影响,动态流变结果中样品的G '均高于G",所有样品表现出黏弹性固体的性质.扫描电镜(SEM)观察到挤压前后样品的微观形貌发生了显著的改变,挤压破坏了蛋白质微粒的完整性...     

8种市售蛋黄酱理化指标检测及分析

为了对蛋黄酱产品的开发及品质评价提供数据支持和参考,以8种市售蛋黄酱为原料,对其主要成分、粒径、微观结构、流变特性、质构特性、色泽、乳液稳定性和热稳定性进行了测定。结果表明：市售蛋黄酱粗脂肪含量为49.00%～73.70%,pH为3.37～4.08,粒度[D(4,3)]分布在4～12μm之间;蛋黄酱以乳滴的形式存在,为典型的水包油型结构;蛋黄酱的流变学性质表明蛋黄酱为剪切变稀的假塑性流体,弹性模量(G′)远大于黏性模量(G″),呈现出类弹性固体性质;质构分析表明蛋黄酱具有较高的黏度和良好的涂抹性;市售蛋黄酱的亮度(L*)、红值(a*)、黄值(b*)和总色差(ΔE*)差异显著;8种蛋黄酱的乳液稳定性和热稳定性高,有利于蛋黄酱的储存和使用。     

3种市售搅打奶油的流变特性比较研究

本文针对稳定性能存在显著差异的3种市售搅打奶油,对其进行了基本成分、感官评定、流变学特性和质构特性分析实验。静态流变测试表明:搅打奶油呈现出假塑性与触变性;动态流变学测试表明:搅打呈现出凝胶特征。振荡温度扫描中复数模量G*呈现减小的趋势;而稳定性较差1号与2号样品温度扫描中有一个明显的临界温度15℃。在振荡时间扫描与频率扫描中,3号样品的弹性模量G’大于其他两个样品且相位角正切tanδ最小,其值小于0.3,故而表明3号样品的弹性成分比例最高。结合感官评定、稳定性实验和流变学分析可知,弹性模量G’可以有效表征搅打奶油的稳定性;搅打奶油的软硬程度可用触变环面积和屈服应力进行表征;其油腻感和口感分别与|?G’|和相对恢复率有关;贮藏的稳定性则与J_e和λ相关。     

复合添加剂对千岛酱防腐保鲜效果的影响

针对千岛酱在加工运输销售过程中易受微生物侵染、发生油脂氧化反应、货架期短等问题,以千岛酱为原料,探究纳他霉素、茶多酚、二丁基羟基甲苯复合添加剂处理对千岛酱在常温(25℃)贮藏品质特性变化规律的影响。试验结果表明,与不添加添加剂组相比,复合添加剂能有效地延缓千岛酱在贮藏期间菌落总数的增加,显著降低褐变和油脂氧化速率,从添加剂而更好的维持千岛酱在贮藏期间的品质特性。其中,0.022%纳他霉素+0.022%茶多酚+0.015%二丁基羟基甲苯(以1 000 g千岛酱为例,加入0.22 g纳他霉素,0.22 g茶多酚,0.15 g二丁基羟基甲苯)处理组保鲜效果最佳。     

降脂蛋黄酱超高压处理提升黏度、分散性和稳定性分析

目的：借助超高压处理改善降脂蛋黄酱的黏性、分散性与稳定性。方法：以黏度、中位径以及离心破乳率为指标,通过单因素以及正交优化得出最优试验条件。结果：当采用处理条件为压力400 MPa、保压时间10 min时,蛋黄酱加油量可降到50%,较未处理样品黏度可提高超过5 倍,分散性可提高14.5%,稳定性可提高90.7%,并具有更优的感官特性。结论：超高压在保证安全的前提下,使降脂蛋黄酱加油量降低到50%,显著改善了降脂蛋黄酱的黏性、分散性、稳定性以及感官特性,具有广阔的应用前景。     

芋头浆的流变特性

研究不同质量分数芋头浆在不同温度下的流变学性质。静态流变性质测定结果表明：在研究的质量分数（10%～30%）和温度（0～80 ℃）范围内,芋头浆是具有假塑性的非牛顿流体,其流变特性服从Herschel-Bulkley模型;随着质量分数的增大,芋头浆的非牛顿性在逐渐增强,浆体的屈服应力和黏稠系数逐渐增大,流变特性指数逐渐减小;随着温度的升高,芋头浆的表观黏度不断降低,浆体的非牛顿性逐渐减弱,黏稠系数逐渐减小,流变特性指数逐渐增大,温度与芋头浆黏稠系数的关系可用Arrhenius方程进行拟合;动态流变性质测定结果表明：芋头浆显示弱凝胶特性。     

仙草胶对贡丸的流变特性、感官品质和抗氧化能力的影响

研究了仙草胶对猪肉贡丸流变特性、感官品质和抗氧化能力的影响。采用物理的方法测定了仙草贡丸流变特性,采用感官评定方法分析了贡丸的食用品质,并测定了4℃下储藏期间贡丸的硫代巴比妥酸反应物值(TBARS)和挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)以及菌落总数的变化。结果表明:随着仙草胶添加量的增加,肉糜凝胶的储能模量先增加后降低,还显著提高了肉丸的抗氧化能力(P0.05);当仙草胶添加量为总肉质量的1%时,感官评价也最佳。4℃下储藏实验表明,添加1%仙草胶能显著降低肉丸TBARS值的上升速度(P0.05),抑制肉丸中脂肪的氧化,延长了肉丸的货架期。     

Sensory and rheological properties of Polish commercial mayonnaise

Sensory and rheological analyses were performed to compare seven commercial mayonnaises having various fat contents and containing, or not, thickening and stabilizing agents. It was found that mayonnaise samples differed in their sensory and rheological properties. The samples with a higher fat content scored higher in sensory analysis than the low-fat ones. The mayonnaises studied showed non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic flow with yield stress and thixotropy. All mayonnaises, although to a different degree, exhibited a decrease in the apparent viscosity at constant shear. The mayonnaise samples which contained thickeners and stabilizers had a greater rheological stability.     

Development of low‐fat mayonnaise containing polysaccharide gums as functional ingredients

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to develop a low‐fat (LF) mayonnaise containing polysaccharide gums as functional ingredients. Xanthan gum (XG, 15 g kg^?1), citrus fiber (CF, 100 g kg^?1) and variable concentration of guar gum (GG) were used to formulate the optimum ratios of polysaccharide gums as fat replacers. The fat content in LF mayonnaise was reduced to 50% if compared with full‐fat (FF) mayonnaise, and the products still maintained ideal rheological properties. RESULTS: The rheological parameters showed that there were no (P > 0.05) differences in yield stress, viscosity and flow behavior index between XG + 10 g kg^?1 GG, CF + 5 g kg^?1 GG and FF control. LF mayonnaises had lower caloric values and higher dietary fiber content than the FF counterpart. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs illustrated that the network of aggregated droplets in LF treatments contained a large number of interspaced voids of varying dimensions. Furthermore, in a comparison of sensory evaluation of LF treatments with commercial and our FF mayonnaises, there were no (P > 0.05) differences in any sensory scores among XG + 10 g kg^?1 GG control. CONCLUSION: This study shows that XG + 10 g kg^?1 GG and CF + 5 g kg^?1 GG could be used in LF mayonnaise formulations based on its multiple functions on processing properties. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

脂肪替代品在低脂蛋黄酱中的应用研究

本实验研究了以明胶和阿拉伯胶为原料通过相分离反应制备的脂肪替代品在低脂蛋黄酱中的应用效果,考察了质构参数和感官性质,结果表明,低脂蛋黄酱的质构参数与全脂对照差别较大,但在感官上没有能被区分出来;通过添加黄原胶0.04%,卡拉胶0.05% 做为低脂蛋黄酱的增稠剂,可以解决低脂蛋黄酱的质构缺陷问题。     

Oxidation in fish-oil-enriched mayonnaise 1. Assessment of propyl gallate as an antioxidant by discriminant partial least squares regression analysis

 A number of different analytical techniques (HPLC, GC-MS, sensory analysis, laser diffraction droplet size determination, confocal laser scanning microscopy and rheological measurements) were employed to elucidate both chemical, sensory, structural and rheological aspects of the oxidation process in mayonnaise containing 16% fish oil. The primary focus of the study was on the antioxidative effect of two different types of commercial propyl gallate mixtures: an oil-soluble and a water-soluble preparation. The effect of adding extra emulsifier (Panodan TR), used to manipulate the physical structure of the fish-oil-enriched mayonnaise and in turn affect the antioxidative activity of the propyl gallate mixtures, was also investigated. Mayonnaise with fish oil did not oxidise faster than mayonnaise without fish oil when judged from the chemical parameters tested. However, the fish-oil-enriched mayonnaises developed unpleasant off-odours and off-flavours much faster than the mayonnaise without fish oil. Addition of the two different propyl gallate mixtures not only influenced negatively the sensory qualities but also affected the structure and the rheological properties of the mayonnaise. Propyl gallate thus, in particular, promoted the development of fishy and rancid off-flavours during the storage of mayonnaise with fish oil, and this effect was especially pronounced for the water-soluble propyl gallate mixture. Four volatile oxidation compounds, namely 3-furaldehyde, 2,4-heptadienal, 2,4-decadienal and ethyl benzene, appeared to correlate to the fishy and rancid off-flavours that developed in mayonnaises with propyl gallate. Addition of propyl gallate also resulted in increased peroxide values, and a less viscous mayonnaise with bigger droplets. The data thus demonstrated that the propyl gallate mixtures employed did not protect mayonnaise with fish oil against flavour deterioration due to oxidation during storage. In addition, the data showed that several structural and rheological parameters were affected by the addition of propyl gallate. Received: 16 November 1998     

X-ray microtomography to study the microstructure of mayonnaise

In this work, the X-ray microtomography (μCT) technique was used for the analysis of fat microstructure and quantification of fat in four types of mayonnaise. The dynamic-mechanical properties of the mayonnaise samples were also studied using a controlled-strain rotational rheometer. Four types of commercially produced mayonnaises, chosen to exhibit variability in terms of visible structure of fat, were used for this experiment: ‘kraft’, ‘calvé’, ‘kraft legeresse’ and ‘calvé-mayò’. Appropriate quantitative three-dimensional parameters describing the fat structure were calculated. With regards to the microstructural and rheological relationship, results from the correlation carried out show that a correlation exists among some microstructural and rheological parameters of the mayonnaise samples. The results from this study also show that μCT is a suitable technique for the microstructural analysis of fat as it does not only provide an accurate percentage volume of the fat present but can also determine its spatial distribution.     

Rheological properties,stability and sensory evaluation of low-cholesterol mayonnaises prepared using egg yolk granules as emulsifying agent

No important practical applications have been developed for egg yolk granules until now. However, as they have low cholesterol content and maintain good emulsifying properties, granules could be employed as a potential ingredient in the food industry. In this work, granules obtained in the laboratory by a simple procedure were used as emulsifying agent in mayonnaise preparation. The aim was to develop a low-cholesterol mayonnaise with properties similar to those of typical mayonnaise. For this purpose, three low-cholesterol formulations prepared in the laboratory were compared with a mayonnaise prepared using yolk and also with a commercial mayonnaise. The rheological characteristics of mayonnaises were evaluated, as well as their microstructure and sensorial properties. In addition, colour and particle size measurements at different times of storage were carried out to assess stability. According to results, the use of granules allows the preparation of a low-cholesterol mayonnaise which shows similar characteristics to those of a typical mayonnaise.     

Rheology,particle-size distribution,and stability of low-fat mayonnaise produced via double emulsions

In this study, the effects of the double emulsification method on the rheological properties, particle size, and stability of low-fat mayonnaise were studied. Different water-phase-to-oil ratios (2:8 and 4:6) of primary emulsions and different stabilizer types (sodium caseinate, xanthan gum, and lecithin-whey protein concentrate) were used to produce double-emulsified mayonnaise. As a control sample, mayonnaise was prepared conventionally. Sodium caseinate was found to be the most efficient stabilizer. In the presence of sodium caseinate, the stability and apparent viscosity of double-emulsified mayonnaise increased but their particle sizes decreased. It was found that flow behavior of double-emulsified and conventionally prepared mayonnaise could be described by the power law model. The double-emulsified mayonnaise samples were not different from the control samples in terms of stability and particle size. In addition, using the double emulsion method, it was possible to reduce the oil content of mayonnaise to 36.6%.     

Optimization of low-cholesterol–low-fat mayonnaise formulation: Effect of using soy milk and some stabilizer by a mixture design approach

In the present study, the optimized mixture proportions of low cholesterol-low fat mayonnaise contained soy milk as an egg yolk substitute (10%) with different composition of xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG) and mono- & diglycerides emulsifier (MDG) (0–0.36% of each component) were determined by applying the simplex-centroid mixture design method to achieve the desired stability, textural and rheological properties and sensory characteristics for effective formulation process. Results revealed that the best mixture was the formulation contained 6.7% mono- & diglycerides, 36.7% guar gum and 56.7% xanthan gum. The xanthan gum was the component showing the highest effect on all the properties of mayonnaise samples. In addition, an increase of xanthan gum followed by guar gum caused greater values for the stability, heat stability, consistency coefficient, viscosity, firmness, adhesiveness, adhesive force and overall acceptance and lower value for flow behavior index. Depending on the desirable level of xanthan gum, guar gum and mono- & diglycerides, creation of low cholesterol-low fat mayonnaise with properties closely matching those of commercial ones is possible.     

Assessment of the potential of Arabic gum as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in developing vegan “egg-free” mayonnaise

The main factors affecting the spoilage of mayonnaise are lipid oxidation and microbial contamination. Therefore, the investigation was carried out to estimate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of the Arabic gum (AG). The effect of the addition of AG powder on physical–chemical and sensory properties has been evaluated in different percentages of 25, 50, 75, and 100 into mayonnaise. At the highest concentration of AG 20 mg/ml, the DPPH result represented high antioxidant activity at 92.13%. AG had inhibitory effects on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis being the most susceptible bacteria. The use of AG as an egg substitute in mayonnaise has been shown to have a great effect on physical–chemical properties. All mayonnaise samples were sensory acceptable, particularly vegan mayonnaise (100% AG) and still acceptable for consumption at 5°C for 5 months of storage. AG could be considered an additive with significant emulsifier properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, AG is a good choice to produce new vegetarian products for consumers who are unable to eat egg-based foods.